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28. Given the relative proportion of DNA that directly codes for genes, is it reasonable to say that the function of DNA is to encode genes?
Introduction :-
A gene is a basic unit of heredity in biology, consisting of a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, such as RNA or protein. During gene expression, DNA is transcribed into RNA first.
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- 31. A great deal of current molecular genetic research is focused on: A) the 97 percent of the human genome that is known to code for proteins B) the 20 percent of the human genome that is known to code for proteins C) the 3 percent of the human genome that is known to code for proteins D) the 1.5 percent of the human genome that is known to code for proteins2. Genetics enables us to understand how proteins interact with one another within the context of a living organism. Different types of mutations can give phenotypes that indicate these protein interactions. a) Why does a dominant negative phenotype indicate a protein may be acting as a homomultimer? b) Does a hypermorphic mutation also indicate this? Why or why not? c) If you have two mutant proteins that show a pseudo-reversion phonotype (second site suppressor) there is a strong possibility that the two proteins interact. Explain in your own words why a mutation in one protein can rescue (at least partially) the phenotype caused by a mutation in a completely different protein. d) Why are second site suppressor mutations allele specific?1.B Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm? - DNA replication - transcription -intron removal -translation -primary mRNA splicing 1.C For a DNA strand that is two nucleotides long, how many different sequences are possible? -2 -4 -8 -16 -64 1.D Which of the following is mismatched? A)physical expression of a trait - phenotype B)allele that masks the expression of an alternate allele - dominant C)identical alleles - heterozygous D)allele whose expression can be masked by an alternate allele recessive E)the specific alleles that an individual has - genotype
- 1) What is Dna mutaion and its types7. (a) Describe the mechanism by which human cells maintain a chromosome structure that consists of overall negatively supercoiled DNA. Make sure to name the specific chromosome structures that are important for this effect. (b) How is overall maintenance of negative supercoiling accomplished differently in E. coli?!23. gene amplification results in larger amounts of gene products true or false
- 4. 16B (Eukaryotes): Describe 4 factors that differentiate eukaryotic chromosomes/genome from a prokaryotic chromosome/genome. 5. Compare/contrast 4 differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic GENE structure & gene EXPRESSION (including regulatory sequences).1. Below are the DNA sequences that encode the first eight amino acids for five alleles of the Adh protein in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Nucleotides that differ from the first sequence are shown by a lowercase letter. ATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTCATGgCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTCATGTCgCTCACCAACAAGAACGTCATGTCTtTgACCAACAAGAACGTCATGTCTCTCACCAACAAGAACGTg a) What are the first eight amino acids for each of these five DNA sequences?3. The CAS9 enzyme (shown in red in the image below) is able to target and cut out specific DNA sequences. a) What are the molecular building blocks of CAS9? b) Explain in a few sentences how these building blocks come together to make something as complex and functional as CAS9. What types of interactions hold CAS9 together? c) What are the molecular building blocks of DNA? d) What type of linkage is broken when CAS9 cuts out a piece of DNA? e) How many base pairs would need to be cut out of a DNA sequence that codes for a protein consisting of 317 amino acids?
- 11) Examine the following two DNA sequences. Sequence 1: ATGCGATGCTAGCAT Sequence 2: ATGCGATGATAGCAT If both of these sequences code for proteins, how might the function of protein 2 differ from the function of protein 1? Use the table below for assistance. U C A G บบน UUC UUA UUG CUU CUC CUA CUG U Phe GUUT GUC GUA GUG Leu Leu AUU AUC lle AUA AUG Met or Start Val Ceweg 232 www... UCU UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG ACU ACC ACA ACG C GCU GCC GCA GCG Ser Pro Thr Ala CAU CAC CAA CAG A AAU AAC AAA AAG UAU U UAC C UAA Stop UGA Stop A UAG Stop UGG Trp G Tyr GAA GAG His Gin Asn Lys GAU GAC Asp G c] Glu UGU UGC CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA AGG GGU GGC GGA GGG Cys Arg Ser Arg Gly U C A G U C A G U C A G by Calin me press A) Protein 1 and protein 2 will function exactly the same. B) Protein 1 will be shorter than protein 2, so they will not function the same. C) Protein 2 will be shorter than protein 1, so they will not function the same. D) Protein 2 has a different sequence, so it will function…. The physicist Stephen Hawking, famous for his theories about black holes, has lived past the age of 70 withamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a paralyzing neurodegenerative disease that is usually fatal at a muchyounger age. Recently, geneticists discovered that amajor cause of ALS is the unusual expansion of ahexanucleotide repeat (5′-GGGGCC-3′) that lieswithin a gene called C9ORF72, at a location outside ofthe gene’s open reading frame (ORF). A single expanded allele is sufficient to cause ALS, but the reasonthe disease allele is dominant remains unclear. Someexperimental results support the theory that the allelemakes a toxic RNA containing the expanded repeat. Ifthis theory is correct, in what ways is the mutant ALScausing allele similar to the mutant allele that causesHuntington disease? In what ways is it similar to themutant allele that causes fragile X syndrome?18. If 32P is used to label both strands of double-stranded DNA, after two rounds of replication, four double-stranded molecules of DNA are produced. Of these,a. one of the four double-stranded molecules of DNA will contain all the 32Pb. two of the four double-stranded molecules of DNA will contain 32P, each with half of the 32Pc. three of the four double-stranded molecules of DNA will contain 32P, each with 1/3 of the 32Pd. all four double-stranded molecules of DNA will contain 32P, each with ¼ of the 32Pe. none of the double-stranded molecules of DNA will contain 32P
