2. NAD is synthesized from the vitamin niacin. The daily dietary intake of niacin recommended for optimal nutrition, -20 mg, maintains a typical cellular concentration of -10 M NAD. At this concentration, the amount of NAD in a typical cell is far smaller than the amount of glucose that the cell metabolizes in a period of a few minutes! How can you explain this?

2. NAD is synthesized from the vitamin niacin. The daily dietary intake of niacin recommended for optimal nutrition, -20 mg, maintains a typical cellular concentration of -10 M NAD. At this concentration, the amount of NAD in a typical cell is far smaller than the amount of glucose that the cell metabolizes in a period of a few minutes! How can you explain this?

Anatomy & Physiology

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168130

Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Publisher:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Chapter24: Metabolism And Nutrition

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RQ: The Krebs cycle converts ________ through a cycle of reactions. In the process, ATP, ________, and...

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10. The first reaction in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of glucose: Pi + Glucose → Glucose-6-phosphate This is a thermodynamically unfavorable process with AGº = +13.8 kJ/mol. In a liver cell at 37 °C the concentration of both phosphate and glucose are normally maintained at about 5 mM each. The equilibrium concentration of glucose-6-phosphate according to the above data is: A. 1.18 x107 B. 8.50 x 104 C. 4.25 x 105 D. 2.21 x 10s E. 1.38 x 108 F. 3.02 X 103 G. 6.75 x 10-6 H. 4.08 x 10 I. 9.15 x106
5.Given the number of glucose molecules, identify the amount or number of ATP produced on each stage of cellular respiration and answer the question. |Glycolysis Link Reaction Kreb's CycleETCTotal 3 Glucose Molecules 5 Glucose Molecules Question: How many ATP molecules are produced in the link reaction if 3 glucose molecules are used in cellular respiration? A. 2 В. О О С. 8 D. 72 OE. 4 O O O
3. A recently discovered mutant yeast has a shorter glycolytic pathway, and with a new enzyme that catalyzes the reaction: Glyceraldehyde-3-P + H₂ + NAD+ ‒‒‒‒‒‒> 3-phosphoglycerate + NADH+H* Would shortening the glycolytic pathway in this way benefit the cell? Explain. Consider metabolic outcomes only in anaerobic conditions.
11. Refer to the figure below. нн Н `NH2 NH2 N' N- 2e-+H* R NAD+ NADH NAD+ functions as a coenzyme in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The changes that take place in this coenzyme are the same for all of these reactions and are illustrated in the figure. It is likely that, in these reactions, NAD+ functions as an electron acceptor (reducing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as a base in acid-base catalytic mechanisms. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. +Z-
2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
1. Imagine you are trying to explain the process of cellular respiration to your friend who is also taking LS7A. You show them the figure below. Provide an explanation for what this figure represents. Be sure to define the terms electron carriers, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and any other terms in the diagram you think your friend would not already know.2. What happens to glucose during the process of glycolysis? Try to relate your explanation to the graph shown below
1. As has been discussed in class the electron transport chain is the first part of oxidative phosphorylation. This chain of multi-subunit enzymes is responsible for facilitating the transfer of electrons from NADH and succinate/FADH₂ to oxygen making water. Given this understanding answer the following questions. a. Below is an equation for determining the amount of energy required to move 1 mol of protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In actively respiring mitochondria the A = +/-0.15 volts to +/- 0.20 volts. The ApH for a typically mitochondria will be 0.75 pH units, with the matrix (N-side) being more alkaline than the IMS (P-side). Given this state the total energy needed to move a single proton from the N to the P-side. Assume T = 310K and R = 8.314 J mol-¹ K-¹ and a A4 = 0.17 volts. Finally, assume F = 96.5 kJ/mol/volt AG = 2.3RTAPH + FA b. How much free energy is available in the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen given the following half-reactions and…
1. Assuming that everything that’s needed to make tripalmitin comes from glucose, how many glucose would be used by adipose tissue in the synthesis of 1 mol tripalmitin? 2. How many ATP would be used (net of produced and used)? 3. If an animal absorbs 35 g glucose (MW = 180 g/mol) from drinking a can of pop, how many grams of tripalmitin (MW = 807 g/mol) can be produced from it in adipose tissue? Please provide only typed answer solution no handwritten solution needed allowed
The Krebs cycle converts ________ through a cycle of reactions. In the process, ATP, ________, and ________ are produced. acetyl CoA; FAD, NAD acetyl CoA; FADH2; NADH pyruvate; NAD; FADH2 pyruvate; oxygen; oxaloacetate
2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is produced by anabolism of pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of (i) cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
10. Consider the beta oxidation of stearic acid (C18:0): How many ATP are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid? How many NADH are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid? How many FADH2 are generated in complete oxidation of stearic acid?
4. (a) courses (such as this one) that NADH produced through glycoly- °H °H! sis in the cytosol can be used to generate ATP in the mitochon- dria. Yet, if 7-(14C)-NADH (in which the nicotinamide C-7 position is radioactively labeled; see diagram on the right) is added to rat hepatocytes, no radioactivity appears in the mitochondrial matrix while, if 4-(H)-NADH is added to hepatocytes, the tritium label soon appears in the mitochondrial matrix. Explain. It is generally stated and taught in biochemistry H H `NH2 NH2 R R [4-°H]NADH [7-14C]NADH