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1.Describe three (3) major classes of molecules function as hormones in vertebrates.
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- 1. Why are the receptors for amino acid-base hormones on the outside surface of cell membrane? A. Cells can respond faster when the hormones does not need to enter the cell B. Amino acid-base hormones cannot penetrate cell membrane C. Lysosomes in the intracellular fluid digest amino acid-base hormones D. Amini acid-base hormones have no role on activating genes in the nucleus. 2. Which one is NOT of action of hormones on their target cells? A. A hormone may stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme in the target cells B. Hormone may activate an enzyme by altering its shape C. A hormone may deactivate enzyme by altering its structure D. Some hormones are enzymes that promote a chemical reaction in cell10. Put the steps involved in generation and release of peptide hormones in the correct order: 1)cleavage into active hormone 2) transport into blood capillary 3)mRNA translation and preprohormone entrance into the ER 4) release signal into ECF 5)vesicular transport into Golgi apparatus 6)signal sequence peptide cleavage into prohormone6. Patients with diabetes have elevated levels of glucose in their bloodstream. Normally, the kidneys do NOT play a role in the regulation of blood sugar levels (blood sugar levels are regulated via the pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagon). However, a new drug called Farxiga® (dapagliflozin) allows diabetics to lower their blood sugar levels by helping the kidneys get rid of glucose from the bloodstream. How do you think this drug works? What is the drug's target?
- By what means does a specific steroid hormone result in a specific cellular response?A newly discovered hormone contains four amino acids linked together. Under which chemical class would this hormone be classified? lipid-derived hormone amino acid-derived hormone peptide hormone glycoprotein6. The terms specificity, receptors, and down-regulation can be applied to many physiological situations. Provide examples of how the terms may be applied to the endocrine system. What chemical and physical characteristics do hormones, enzymes, transport proteins, and receptors have in common that makes specificity important?
- 1. What are the glands included in a mouse's endocrine system? 2. What organs are included in the defence mechanism of a cockroach, toad, and mouse? 3. What organs are responsible for the communication and integration of a cockroach, toad, and mouse? 4. What organs are responsible for the support and movement of a cockroach and mouse?3. After eating food, the concentration of glucose in the blood increased, which caused the secretion of a hormone that normalized the concentration of glucose. A. Name this hormone, where is it made? B. Draw a diagram of the regulation of the release of this hormone. What is an adjustable parameter? C. Can there be a hormone concentration in the scheme as a RP. If so, show it in outline? D. Could it be that the concentration of the hormone in the blood was increased, but this would not lead to the normalization of the concentration of glucose in the blood, which remained above normal, and this would lead to the appearance of glucose in the urine and an increase in daily diuresis. E. Name the possible causes of a violation in the circuit of regulation of hormone secretion.There are many glands in the human body tasked with the job of regulating the body's metabolism, reproduction, growth, and sleep. Like the nervous system, the endocrine system is an information signal system. Rather than using the neurons and electrical signals, this system uses chemical messengers called hormones, each of which has its own unique function and triggers either an immediate response or a cascade of reactions. 1. explain how the endocrine system controls different functions/processes in the human body. Your response must mention at least 3 different processes controlled by the endocrine system and the hormones/anatomical structures involved.
- 5. Each of the following observations were made in a lab rat after a specific gland or organ (or part of one) was removed. State what was removed in each case (be as specific as possible!) and briefly explain why the observed effect took place. NOTE: Assume the endocrine system of a rat works the same as that of a human. Observation What Was Explanation Removed? TSH levels in the blood increase significantly A stressful stimulus (a siren) caused an increase in heart rate but did not result in the increased breakdown of protein in muscle Blood levels of T3, T4, Cortisol, Growth Hormone all decreased drastically but levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine did not change.1. Which of the following is/are false? a. Peptide hormones are not able to penetrate the cell membrane B. Cathecolamines are not lipid soluble C. Steroid hormones bind to receptors on the outside of the cel membrane D. Thyroid hormone can cross the membrane. 2. Why are the receptors for amino acid-base hormones on the outside surface of cell membrane? A. Cells can respond faster when the hormones does not need to enter the cell B. Amino acid-base hormones cannot penetrate cell membrane C. Lysosomes in the intracellular fluid digest amino acid-base hormones D. Amini acid-base hormones have no role on activating genes in the nucleus. 3. Which one is NOT of action of hormones on their target cells? A. A hormone may stimulate the synthesis of an enzyme in the target cells B. Hormone may activate an enzyme by altering its shape C. A hormone may deactivate enzyme by altering its structure D. Some hormones are enzymes that promote a chemical reaction in cell5. explain how the concept of cell to cell communication as it applies to the endocrine system. Explain the concept of cell to cell communication as it applies to the nervous system.