1. (a) Describe the defining features of call and put options and explain intuitively using an example why call and put options are more valuable the greater their underlying stock's variability.
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- a. Explain the covered call options strategy b. Graphically show a covered call options strategy, including payoff. Explain why an investor mayuse this option strategy.c. Using put-call parity, explain the shape of the payoff line (in part (a) of this question). Whatoption position does it look like and why?4. Answer the following questions on exotic options: (a) Discuss the differences between a combination and a spread when constructing portfolios of options. (b) Define a long strangle and represent the profit function. (c) Design a forward contract on a stock with a particular delivery price and delivery date as a combination of options on the same underlying asset.a) discuss the relationship between the up-factor (u), down-factor (d), risk-free rate (r), and binomial probability (p) in the binomial model. b) discuss the assumptions in Black-Scholes-Merton model (BSM) from memory. c) discuss the variables in the BSM formula and explain how they affect call option pricing. d) define historical volatility and implied volatility. e) demonstrate how to reduce risk with gamma hedging.
- b. Explain the impact of option volatility on option pricing.Explain in detail with an example how the change of the variables (like Stock Price, Exercise Price, Risk-Free Rate, Volatility or Standard Deviation, and Time to Expiration) of Black-Scholes-Merton Formula affect the price of the option.a)explain the concept of the delta normal method for calculating VAR when options are present in the portfolio. b)explain the basic concepts of the historical method and the Monte Carlo simulation method of calculating VARs. c)discuss the benefits and limitations of VAR. d)define credit risk (default risk). e)explain how option pricing theory can be used in valuing default risk.
- a. Describe how the Black-Scholes Call option formula can be used to make an inference about the variance of the return on a stock. b . Explain how the earnings and dividends approaches to stock valuation are equivalent.Both call and put options are affected by the following five factors: the exercise price, the underlying stock price, the time to expiration, the stock’s standard deviation, and the risk-free rate. However, the direction of the effects on call and put options could be different. Use the following table to identify whether each statement describes put options or call options. Statement Put Option Call Option 1. When the exercise price increases, option prices increase. 2. An option is more valuable the longer the maturity. 3. The effect of the time to maturity on the option prices is indeterminate. 4. As the risk-free rate increases, the value of the option increases.What impact does each of the followingparameters have on the value of a call option?(5) Variability of the stock price
- Q. Discuss the factors that affect an option’s price?Both call and put options are affected by the following five factors: the exercise price, the underlying stock price, the time to expiration, the stock’s standard deviation, and the risk-free rate. However, the direction of the effects on call and put options could be different. Use the following table to identify whether each statement describes put options or call options. Statement Put Option Call Option 1. An option is more valuable the longer the maturity. 2. A longer maturity in-the-money option on a risky stock is more valuable than the same shorter maturity option. 3. When the exercise price increases, option prices increase. 4. As the risk-free rate increases, the value of the option increases.1. Describe three active strategies involving common stocks.What is their significance?2. What is meant by a rotation strategy? What is the key input in implementing effective rotation strategies?