Respirators are defined by Merriam-Webster as, “a device worn over the mouth and nose to protect the respiratory tract by filtering out dangerous substances (as dusts or fumes) from inhaled air” (Merriam-Webster). The use of respirators are common today in both industrial and household settings. The earliest known idea for a respirator can be traced to Pliny the Elder over 1900 years ago. He suggested the use of wearing animal bladders to protect Roman mine workers from inhaling red oxide of lead (OSHA). In 1854, John Stenhouse developed a respirator using powdered charcoal (see Figure 1) that could be used for protection from gas. Stenhouse’s respirator led to the use of activated charcoal, which is still used today (OSHA). There …show more content…
There are 5 markings required (see figure 2) by NIOSH for approved particulate filtering face-piece respirators (NIOSH, 2014);
Wet-laid process
The wet-laid process is a modified version of a process that is used to create paper. There are various methods that can be utilized based on the needs of the finished product, production, demand, etc. The particular wet laid process that was utilized in this experiment yielded a mat that was approximately 12”x12” with varying thickness, based on the mass of material used. One mat could be produced approximately every hour, with an additional two hours needed for the drying of each mat. The material is mixed with a dispersal agent, flocculating agent, and a resin. The process involved the mixing of the chemicals, along with the material. The resulting mixture is then added to the “suction box” and filled with more water. A vacuum is then pulled by opening a valve below the suction box, resulting in a mat of the material on the mesh bottom of the suction box.
This project was a continuation of prior research conducted by Meghan Moore. She investigated how the efficiency of using activated carbon fiber compared to traditional filtering face-piece respirators for nanoparticle aerosols. The particular activated carbon fibers used in this study were two nonwoven activated carbon fiber felts, with a surface area of 1,000m2/g and 1,500m2/g, and two woven activated carbon fibers
Later in 1912, Morgan developed another invention. This invention was much different from his hair straightener. Morgan called it a Safety Hood and patented it as a Breathing Device, but the world would later come to know it as a Gas Mask. The Safety Hood consisted of a hood worn over someone’s head. A tube stemmed from this hood reaching the ground and allowing in clean air. The bottom of the tube was lined with a sponge type material that would help to filter incoming air. Another tube allowed the user to exhale air out of the device. Morgan intended the device to be used in fighting fires. He wanted it to help firemen enter houses thick with smoke and breathe freely for some time.
“Blasting itself produced immense quantities of mineral particles. The common practice of returning to the work face soon after the detonation of charges meant entering an area filled with particulate matter. (Derickson 3)” Also, as labors transported, unloaded, and cleaned the extracted material dust was inhaled even though they were away from the mine. So no matter what technique used the coal dust still made it in the air and into the miners’ lungs. There were no safety regulations in place about how long to wait after blowing up coal, no regulations about how many particulates in the air were safe, no mask or safety precautions and no mandatory venting. Although some of these things were easily usable to the safety the company felt it was too costly. “An elaborate system of fans and blowers was ‘too costly’, so the miner had to pay for the bad ventilating by ‘miners’ asthma’ and other ailments caused by bad air. (Derickson 4)” Basically the coal operators did not care enough about the miners safety to provide vents and things that could have helped the air quality.
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In this essay we will consider a few major aspects of respiration. We shall first consider the interesting history of the study of respiration before moving on to our modern understanding of respiration. We will look at the structure and function of the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tracts with a note on the control system. Secondly we will consider the physiology of respiration. Thirdly we will discuss some of the major common disorders and diseases which affect the system with a special focus on asthma. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF RESPIRATION Hippocrates "counted air as an instrument of the body" just as food was eaten. Galen (129-200) felt
Even though the mask is much better than standing in the gas unprotected and improved from the older models, is the gas mask effective enough to make poison gas ineffective? The answer: yes and no. It is a very good thing to have and when a gas attack occurs. The gas masks so far are effective but scientists are trying their hardest to improve the masks because of accidents that happen with the gas masks. Scientist are also looking for ways to make the filtering on the gas masks better so it can filter out chemicals better, filter more chemicals, and possibly filter out new chemicals that may be used as poison gas in the near
What is the best evidence based nursing practice in attempting to reduce (VAP) ventilated associated pneumonia? I decided to do an evidence based paper on VAP after talking to respiratory therapy on the sixth floor of Chippenham hospital during my clinical studies. I have a friend who has spent many years as a RN in the critical care unit and has seen the effects of different methods in reducing VAP first hand. This is a nursing intervention and the sole responsibility of the nurse. I can’t think of a better topic to research considering I am in my first semester of nursing school. I am very excited to share what I have found. I have found a large amount of information on different methods to reduce VAP but have decided on three to
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a big drawback within the hospital setting, with terribly high morbidity, mortality, and cost. Some people tend to perform an evidence-based review of the literature that specializes in clinically relevant pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to prevent VAP. Thanks to the importance of this condition the implementation of preventive measures is predominant within the care of mechanically ventilated patients. There is proof that these measures decrease the incidence of VAP and improve outcomes within the intensive care unit. A multidisciplinary approach, continuing
Nasal Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist (NAVA) is another type of NIV but differs from the others because it uses electrical activity of the diaphragm to establish the timing and degree of inspiratory pressure to be delivered during spontaneous breathing. It uses a French tube that is fitted with 10 electrodes which is fed into the esophagus at the level of the diaphragm. This technique is slightly safer for infants as inspiration occurs only when required and at a measured pressure that is less
Ventilator- associated pneumonia is a common infection in patients admitted to the ICU. With the increasing rate in of ventilator associated pneumonia it is estimated that it may “account for up to 60% of all death from healthcare- associated infections( HAIs) in the U.S”( Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, 2015 ) . This statistic has made ventilator-associated pneumonia one of the top concerns in the health care setting. It is estimated that ventilator- associated pneumonia increases patient stay in the ICU and it generates “ an increase cost of $20, 000 to $40, 000” ”(Ventilator Associated Pneumonia, 2015). In dealing with ventilator- associated pneumonia prevention is crucial. Several guideless have been develop to decrease the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia but the most important measure is continuous education. So, in ICU healthcare workers does the use of an easy to complete questionnaire to assess personal knowledge and clinical practice help prevent ventilator associated pneumonia compared to not having an user friendly assessment tool?
Appropriate respiratory PPE should be chosen according to a risk assessment that takes account of the infective micro-organism, anticipated activity and duration of exposure. Respiratory PPE must fit the user correctly and staff must be trained in how to use and adjust it in accordance with Health and Safety Executive (2012) regulations. Staff should not use FFP3 respirators unless fit tested as safe. Figs 1 and 2 outline factors influencing the choice of single-use masks for use when treating patients who have respiratory infections.
Although many people have heard of or had pneumonia many people are not aware of what ventilator associated
These filters will trap most microscopic particles. , of the type used in hospital and intensive care units but some things can get through, especially tiny viruses , and that’s why The new AirManager system is said to kill between 97-99.9% of the germs and other large particles in the air in a single pass. The supply is starts from the compressor sections of the engines and flows till it is drawn into the lower fuselage, where about half of it is vented overboard. The remaining portion is mixed with a fresh supply from the engines and re-runs through the filters one again , and that’s the cycle
In any workplace where respirators are necessary to protect the health of the employee or whenever respirators are required by the employer, the employer shall establish and implement a written respiratory protection program with worksite-specific procedures. The program shall be updated as necessary to reflect those changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use. [29CFR1910.134(c)(1)] IN TEXT CITATION
or headbox, of a paper machine. The mixture is applied to a porous wire mesh; and formation of paper actually