Primates Essay

Primates are some of the best-adapted animals in the planet. Throughout time their dentition has evolved into different patterns and forms, best fitted for their environment. From the early prosimians, to the modern men, the changes are a prime example of how diverse primates are. Throughout primate evolution, the changes in diet can be correlated with the changes in dentition patterns; however, dentition pattern can be different between male and female, and hold other purposes.

The difference is even reflected in the names of the suborders Strepsirrhini, meaning twisted-nose, and Haplorhini, meaning simple-nose. These suborders represent the major phyletic groups in the primate order and include the lorises, lemurs, and galagos within the strepsirrhines and tarsiers and anthropoids (monkeys, apes, and humans) within the haplorhines (Fleagle 2013). There are two nodes where we see a major divergence in nasal morphology, one in the early Eocene with the strepsirrhine/haplorine split, and around 35 mya with the platyrrhine/catarrhine branching. Once again the nomenclature reflects their nasal form with platyrrhine (consisting of new world monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins) meaning flat-nose, and catarrhine (consisting of old world monkeys, gibbon, great apes, and humans) referring to their downward facing noses. Descriptions of nasal morphology often focus on comparisons between these groupings of primates as it aids in a more complete understanding of when certain traits and phenotypes appear in the evolutionary record of primates. These taxonomic branchings are based on shared derived characteristics including the reduction of structural nasal complexity within anthropoids and tarsiers, and differences within the main and accessory olfactory bulbs between platyrhines and

It was a “ missing link’’ which definitely prove that man had evolved from the same ancestors as modern apes. The bone of the skull has resembled the human and the light jawbone resembled

Modern non-human anthropoids consist of New and Old World monkeys and the great and lesser apes that inhabit a range of environments throughout North and South America, Africa, and Euroasia. At least 90% of the anthropoid population consists of monkeys. There are two distinct Parvorders of anthropoids that have been evolving independent of each other for at least 30,000,000 years: the Platyrrhine and the Catarrhine. These two diverse groups of species can be distinguished from each other most easily based on the form of their noses and by the number of specific types of teeth. Today, Old World monkey habitats range from tropical jungles to semiarid deserts and seasonally snow-covered areas throughout Africa and South-East Asia. In comparison,

Our evidence of the relatedness between early and modern hominids is the we have the same head features such as molars, canines, protrusion of the lower face, and the same orientation of where the spine connects with the skull. The size of the these features range in size, for example the A. africanus lower jew had 2 molars that were 2 cm, each one about 1 cm in size. Our Homo sapien skull had 3 molars (meaning it had a wisdom tooth) and measure of 3 cm, again each one being around 1 cm. All of the skulls had a protruding lower face and even through all of the skulls have the spines connect in the bottom centre of the skull, but they still varying degrees

On October 21, 1907, Daniel Hartmann spotted a jaw while working in a sandpit in Mauer, near Heidelberg, Germany (49.3389° N, 8.7986° E.) The jaw had human like teeth but was very large and heavy boned, it was almost complete except for missing premolars and first

The reason I chose the brow ridge to distinguish between the species because for each species the brain case shifts then the brow ridge change and the vision changes depending on how big the brain case is. The reason I chose the Zygomatic because it can tell us about their diet because it plays a major role on how the cheek are defined. I chose the sagittal keel because it supports the brain and if it doesn’t then it won’t be able to support the brain for long. The reason I chose the skull case is because of the size different types of species have a different type of skull case that comes from the different families. I selected these particular traits because for the Dental traits: Tooth row shape, Average size teeth, Retro molars and lastly Mandibular prognathisim. The reason I chose the tooth row shape because it can also tell us how their diet was and it could tell us what they ate. The reason I chose the Retro molars because as the mandibles are more robust the gap closes. The reason I chose the average size teeth was because it was able to tell us what was their diet and it could tell us a lot about where they came from. I chose the Mandibular prognathisim because it defined the skull and how it was different from each other like one was small.

A single tooth, discovered in Nebraska in 1922 by Paleontologist Harald Cook grew an entire evolutionary link between man and monkey, until another identical tooth was found which was protruding from the jawbone of a wild pig. . Before Nebraska man evolution had a hard time getting taught in schools but such was the fanfare of Nebraska man that evolution became the excepted norm. Even so this embarrassing oversight due to the rabidness of evolutionists to “prove” their theory, only lasted a few years before it was found out

2. It can be concluded that both hominins and modern apes share flat face with forward facing eyes and molars present. The Phylogenetic Tree shows that the modern apes diverged from hominins. This implies that modern apes and hominins share a same ancestor, but early hominins did not evolve from modern apes. The closest relative of human (Homo sapiens) is Homo neanderthalensis. We share many characteristics, such as chain, large cranium and similar width of dental arcade to the length. One of differences is Homo neanderthalensis has Supraorbital bow, not human does not.

We also had to decide why that part of the skull evolved the way it had and the function of it. Our independent variable was the ratio between molar width and skull width. Our dependent variable was the width between the molars. We replicated it three times with each of the four species; three different skulls of the same species were measured and used in our calculations. The four carnivores we used were the Coyote, Fox, Mink, and Badger. The four herbivores we used were the Woodchuck, Beaver, Muskrat, and

Like I stated before regarding the cranium of the Au. afarensis, they have a sagittal crest. The sagittal crest offers a dock for large chewing muscles in the primate. This has evolved due to the tough materials that the hominins needed to chew through and the stress that it placed on the skull while eating. This is also a factor for why robust australopithecines have huge cheek bones. This is why in the later evolved gracile australopithecines you see the reduction of a sagittal crest.

Unfortunately mice have the same genes in their teeth as mice and can make it very hard to study where the tooth came from because all of the genes are similar. But they are very good test subjects because the are very easy to observe. Instead of using all of the teeth in the mouth they just used the back molar as their test subject on many different types of animals that made studying way easier. Studies show that about 2 million years ago that apes varied tremendously and were able to be seen a two totally different animals which can be a little tricky especially when you are trying to study the. Although monkeys began to evolve way before that ans was shown that monkeys had similar traits that the apes did which was puzzling to the scientists because they had seemed so different in the past. To wrap this up the monkeys and apes have many different traits and many of them have the same evolution but different times of them

Since the migration of the first group of homo sapiens from Sub-Saharan Africa millions of years ago, the diversification of the human cranium has grown exponentially. As the population continues to intermix and increase, so will the complexity in the features of the cranium. Diversification of the cranium will not only be unique to the individual, but a key aspect of identifying that individual, if a biological profile were to be compiled by a forensic anthropologist. Henceforth, determining someone 's ancestry from their cranium, is one of the most complicated and unique aspects of the skeleton. So, must be examined with the utmost consideration.

Encephalization, Ontogenetic and Evolutionary Trends of Non-Hominoid Primates: A Comparative Analysis of Catarrhine and Platyrrhine Cranial Base Flexion.

Structures of skulls and diverse types of teeth inform us about the lifestyle and the environment that the organisms live. Different structures of skulls are designed in the attempt of supporting each unique and specific function of the organisms include processing food. The teeth can show the organism’s lifestyle and its diet. There are four types of teeth that occur in mammal skulls; incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Incisors are the four front teeth in both the upper and lower jaws, the middle two incisors are termed the central incisors. And two of the sides are called lateral incisors. The design of flat and broad surfaces with narrow edges are for biting and