Metabolism
Ο Describe the relationship between catabolism and anabolism and ATP. Anabolism builds up things from smaller things like taking ADP and phosphate and making ATP, Catabolism Is the using a larger thing and making it smaller like taking ATP and making it ADP.
Ο Explain what photosynthesis and cellular respiration have to do with metabolism. Photosynthesis makes energy and cellar respiration Breaks down glucose into energy and uses energy to keep the cell alive and well.
Ο Explain the two forms of Energy, and how chemical energy and potential energy are related. Chemical is the energy in the bonds of molecules and potential is the energy that is available to be used
Ο Describe what ATP is and how it is made and broken down via the
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ATP gets phosphate and electrons from the mitochondria and is shipped to the rest of the cell
Enzymes
Ο Explain what the term catalyst means and how that term relates to enzyme. A catalyst is something that is used to speed up a reaction, and enzyme is a catalyst
Ο Explain what type of a molecule an enzyme is. It is a Protein
Ο Be able to draw the graph of the activation energy of an enzyme, and explain what the term ‘activation energy’ means. Activation energy is how much energy is needed to start a reaction
Ο Describe how enzymes are able to lower the energy. That lower the energy needed so it starts sooner
Ο Explain what a substrate is and what the statement “enzymes are substrate specific” means. They only do one thing and cant catalyze anything else
Ο Describe what an active site is on an enzyme. It is where the enzyme catalysis something
Ο Describe how pH and temperature affects enzyme activity. If they are off then the enzyme won’t work
Cellular Respiration
Ο Where does cellular respiration occur? Mitochondria
Ο What is required and what is formed in Cellular respiration? C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ +
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Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, the electron transport chain
Ο What must happen to the end products of Glycolysis before it can enter the Krebs cycle? It becomes pyruvate
Ο What is produced during the Krebs cycle, and why is it important? 2 ATP, 2 FADH, and 8 NADH
Ο Explain the role of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain. They are electron carriers
Ο Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. One Needs O2 and one dosent
Ο When might the body undergo anaerobic respiration? When there isn’t O2
Ο Explain what happens during anaerobic respiration. Lactic acid is made
Ο Explain what fermentation is, and why is occurs. It is when your cells does Glycolysis but cant make pyruvate and it makes lactic acid
Photosynthesis
Ο What is the difference between a photoautotroph and a chemoautotroph? One uses light and the other uses chemicals.
Ο What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs? Autotrophs make their own food heterotrophs don’t.
Ο What pigments are important in photosynthesis and where are they located? Chlorophyll and in the Thylakoid membrane
Ο What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 +
The substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon as it catalyzes a chemical reaction. (Giuseppe, M 2002, p. 69). The substrate is bound to a specific site on the enzyme and only
In contrast, there are four metabolic stages happened in cellular respiration, which are the glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, in which catabolism is begun by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Two molecules of ATP are produced too. Some of they either enter the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) or the electron transport chain, or go into lactic acid cycle if there is not enough oxygen, which produces lactic acid. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate into carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produced some more ATPs and other molecules called NADPH and FADPH. After this, electrons are passed to the electron transport chain through
For enzymes to be useful in a reaction, the substrate needs to bind with the enzymes active site. The active site is specific for a
Enzymes are essentially proteins and will only act in an aqueous environment. An enzyme is specific for a certain reaction or
Fermentation is a metabolic process converting sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved human muscle
Oxidation of NADH and FADH2to H2O (and NAD or FAD). Generates H ion concentration gradient and therefore ATP.
Cellular respiration is an ATP-producing catabolic process in which the ultimate electron acceptor is an
8. If an enzyme is present, it also lowers the activation energy needed to get the reaction started.
• Enzymes bind to a substrate (anything that needs to be changed into something else [molecule, protein etc.])
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts during a biochemical process. Catalysts are non-changing enzymes that can increase or decrease activation energy to accelerate or slow down a biochemical reaction without using additional energy.
Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.
Each enzyme is very specific and can only catalyze a certain reaction. The specific reaction catalyzed by an enzyme depends on the molecular structure and shape of a small area of the enzyme’s surface called the active site. The active site an attract and hold only its specific molecules. The target molecule that the enzyme attracts and acts upon is called the substrate. The substrate and the active site of the molecule must fit together very closely. Sometimes the enzyme changes its shape slightly to bring about the necessary fit.
As an enzyme-catalyzed reaction may be the main reason for a reaction to occur faster, many factors can
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and help reactions take place. In short, enzymes reduce the energy needed for a reaction to take place, permitting a reaction to take place more easily. Some enzymes are shape specific and reduce the energy for certain reactions. Enzymes have unique folds of the amino acid chain which result in specifically shaped active sites (Frankova Fry 2013). When substrates fit in the active site of an enzyme, then it is able to catalyze the reaction. Enzyme activity is affected by the concentrations of the enzymes and substrate present (Worthington 2010). As the incidence of enzyme increases, the rate of reaction increases. Additionally, as the incidence of substrate increases so does the rate of reaction.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are two different types of processes that create energy. Cellular Respiration is “the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011, p. 1027).” This process occurs in all living organisms. In comparison, Photosynthesis is “the conversion of sunlight into a chemical form of energy. In the cyanobacteria, the process takes place in special thylakoid membranes, which contain chlorophyll or chlorophyll-like pigments. Among eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of such organisms as diatoms, dinoflagellates and green algae. (Pommerville, 2014, p. 185)”.