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San Antonio College *

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40438

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History

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Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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4

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1. Explain how and why various land-based empires developed and expanded from 1450 to 1750. Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states, leading to the development and exposure of new countries around the world to each other. 2. Explain how rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750. Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralized control over their populations and resources. Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule. Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming, and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion 3. Explain continuity and change within the various belief systems during the period from 1450 to 1750. The Protestant Reformation marked a break with existing Christian traditions and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity, serving as a change in this time period. Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensifies the split within Islam between Sunni and Shi'a, which is a continuity. Another change, is that Sikhism developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam. 4. Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750. The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world. Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
5. Describe the role of states in the expansion of maritime exploration from 1450 to 1750 New state-supported transoceanic maritime exploration occurred in this period.These new states would play a key and important role in the new exploration methods by serving as port states and places where the ships could restock and refuel. These states would become trading ports, where many traders would meet and interact with each other, exchanging new goods, leading to the expansion of new cultures. 6. Explain the economic causes and effects of maritime exploration by the various European states. Portuguese development of maritime technology and navigational skills led to increased travel to and trade with Africa and Asia and resulted in the construction of a global trading-post empire. Spanish sponsorship of the voyages of Columbus and subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific dramatically increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade. North Atlantic crossings were undertaken under English, French, and Dutch sponsorship, often with the goal of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. 7. Explain the causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effects on the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The new connections between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres resulted in the exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases, known as the Columbian Exchange. European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease vectors, including mosquitoes and rats, and the spread of diseases that were endemic in the Eastern Hemisphere, including smallpox, measles, and malaria. Some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas. American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Cash crops were grown primarily on plantations with coerced labor and were exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East. Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar, and domesticated animals were brought by Europeans to the Americas, while other foods were brought by African slaves. (ex: horses, pigs, cattle, okra, rice). Populations in Afro-Eurasia benefitted nutritionally from the increased diversity of American food crops.
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