annotated-Pre Lab Tracking Influenza Fall 2023-1

Please answer ASAP 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma   2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses.   3.It is speculated that coronaviruses appeared on Earth before cells. Considering tge genetic material of coroniviruses and cells justidy fully this answer

Corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease, caused by a novel (or new) corona-virus that has not previously been seen in humans. This virus can be a product of dark biotechnology? Explain why?

Corona-virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new disease, caused by a novel (or new) corona-virus that has not previously been seen in humans. From the point of your opinion, this virus can be a product of dark biotechnology?

Ch. 15-1 In 1918, an influenza pandemic that originated with avian flu killed 50 million people. Researchers isolated samples of that virus from bodies of infected people preserved in Alaskan permafrost since 1918. From the samples, they sequenced the viral genome, then reconstructed the virus. The reconstructed virus is 39,000 times more infectious than modern influenza strains, and 100 percent lethal in mice. Understanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other strains that may arise. For example, discovering what makes it so infectious and deadly would help us design more effective vaccines. Critics of the research are concerned: If the virus escapes the containment facilities (even though it has not done so yet), it might cause another pandemic. Worse, the published DNA sequence and methods to make the virus could be used for criminal purposes. Do you think this research makes us more or less safe?

Question:- E- Where could we find viruses? Explain.

Short answers questions  1. Give 4 examples of transcription factors / non-structural proteins ?       2. Identify the most commonly used technique for diagnosing COVID-19? And the clinical sample for each technique.       3. …….…… virus can cause encephalitis, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, infect external genitalia, mucosal surfaces, gladiatorum, and/or other diseases. How can the infection with this virus be avoided? Suggest two ways of prevention or to destroy the virus.     4. How can a defect in p53 gene contribute to cancer development?       5. A patient 19 year-old came to hospital and she had sore throat, fever, red tonsils and swollen uvula, and neck lymphadenopathy. She was given initially antibiotics and came after 5 days with tired, 39ºC. She had patches of white exudate on the tonsils, lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. Hematological examination shows atypical lymphocytosis. A. Why do you think did she have these symptoms? Answer: these symptoms are for ……………………….…

Q13. Genomes sizes among related eukaryotes vary much more widely than genome sizes among related bacteria. How is this difference in variability best explained?   A. Evolutionary processes (e.g. natural selection) exert less constraint on genome size in eukaryotes than in bacteria. B. Genome size is proportional to energy production - cells that make more ATP have more DNA. C. Eukaryotes have a much wider range of chromosome number than bacteria. D. Organisms with greater morphological complexity have larger genomes.

Question:- Write about the DNA virus smallpox (Variola Virus) or herpesviruses and it’s medical importance. include: characteristic of the organism (shape, any other distinguishing factors); what disease it can cause (signs/symptoms); diagnosis of organism (what test is performed to determine patient has this viral infection); treatment/prevention of disease (is there a vaccine? if infected, what treatment is prescribed).

Answer both to get a like.  Q3. What viruses would you predict that could produce mutations in the host genome following infection?     Double-stranded RNA viruses     Double-stranded RNA viruses     Negative Single-stranded RNA viruses       Retroviruses   Q4. Select the correct statement(s).     Vaccines and therapeutics are expected to encounter more viral resistance mechanisms among DNA than RNA viruses.       Vaccines and therapeutics are expected to encounter more viral resistance mechanisms among RNA than DNA viruses.       Vaccines and therapeutics are expected to encounter similar viral resistance mechanisms among DNA and RNA viruses.

In 1918, an influenza pandemic that originated with avian flu killed 50 million people. Researchers isolated samples of that virus from bodies of infected people preserved in Alaskan permafrost since 1918. From the samples, they sequenced the viral genome, then reconstructed the virus. The reconstructed virus is 39,000 times more infectious than modern influenza strains, and 100 percent lethal in mice.   Understanding how this virus works can help us defend ourselves against other deadly influenza strains that arise. For example, discovering what makes it so infectious would help researchers design more effective vaccines. Critics of the research are concerned: If the virus escapes the containment facilities (even though it has not done so yet), it might cause another pandemic. Worse, terrorists could use the published DNA sequence and methods to make the virus for horrific purposes. Do you think this research makes us more or less safe?

QUESTION:- How does the process of generalized transduction occur ?• introduction of Viral DNA• What is the virus effect on cell• How does phage head acquire host DNA/• new infection of virus with host DNA• How is DNA integrated into host genome• Selection on bacterial cell

Please answer fast  1 a.Which of the following are unique characteristics of Reovirus replication compared to the replication of other RNA viruses? A.The virus remains in the endosome until it has fused with the lysosome B.The virus enters through receptor mediated endocytosis C.The mRNA serves a the template for genome production D.The RdRp enzymes are not bound to the RNA genomes  1.b.what is the first viral protein made during AAV replication?. A.DNA polymerase  B.RNA polymerase  C.Rep78/68 D.VP1

question- If we digested 4.5 μg of total chDNA with Sal I in a total volume of 60μL and we want to set up a 3:1 ratio using 0.1 μg of digested pGEM, how many μg of the chDNA do we ideally want and in what volume? Answers: a. 1.2 μg in 16.0 μL   b. 0.3 μg in 4.0 μL   c. 0.9 μg in 12.0 μL   d. 0.6 μg in 8.0 μL

Q20 The Seneca valley virus packages the RNA genome using: A:Cellular chaperone proteins B:A stargate C:Direct interactions between the RNA genome and capsid proteins D:A portal molecular motor

Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion  1) A population of HIV viruses exposed to any single antiretroviral medication typically evolves resistance to this medication within a year or two. In contrast, populations of humans exposed to HIV for many years have not yet evolved significant resistance to HIV infection. Which of the following reasons may explain why evolution has been so much more rapid in HIV populations than in human populations?   a) Humans have much longer generation times.   b) Humans have reverse transcriptases that are less error prone.   c) Human DNA polymerases are less error prone.   d) Viruses need to mutate quickly to survive in their hosts.   e) Humans have no ability to evolve resistance to HIV.

Ch 19 – Viruses and Prions Describe the main parts of a virus. Why are viruses called parasites? Describe the lytic cycle of a virus. Describe the lysogenic cycle of a virus. What is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle of a virus? What are vaccines? Define the words “Emerging Virus” and “Pandemic”. Give examples of human diseases caused by viruses. What is a prion and viron? Are prion and virons viruses? Give examples of human or animal diseases caused by prions and what organisms are affected.     Book: Biology (Campbell)          11 edition          Urry. Cain. Wasserman. Minorsky. Reece

COVID-19 Research   Every year, the United States and the world suffer a serious outbreak of emerging, re emerging or endemic disease. Using documented and reliable sources on the internet, find information about COVID-19 and its history. Please also list the souces used.   Part 1: The History of COVID-19- respond to ALL questions Who first  documented it? what was the first listed causal agent? Are there any identified vectors? What are the symptoms? What were some of the early treatments? Who identified the virus and what is the virus named? Why does this outbreak have gotten such a strong foothold?   2: The Virus Describe the structure of this virus including: its genetic material the configuration/ structure of its protein capsid which cells it infects, how that infection takes place.  list symptoms and complications that can arise.  what the first identified strain was, and list the current strains and what mutations have occurred to create the new versions (in general - not a…

Biology 1. There is evidence to dispove Crick's (1958) Central Dogma of Molecular Biology. one such evidence is how the coronavirus replicates genetic information. Explain fully how this process disproves Crick's Central Dogma   2. Describe how subgenomic RNAs are unique physically compared to regular RNA strands. Explain fully the benfit of this adaptation for viruses..

19. An investigaor is conducting a study of n outbreak of severe nausea, vomitting and diarrhea among28 guests in a hotel. It is found that the affected guests stayed in rooms located in the east wing of  the thrid floorof the hotel during a single3-week period. The causal virus most likely has which of the following chracteristics? (A) DNA genome (B) Helical symmetry (C) No envelope (D) No polymerase gene (E) Segmented genome

Question:- There seem to be an unlimited number of possible viruses that could infect humans. How does our immune system make sure it can fight all of them?

SARS-CoV-2 what is the genome for the virus? And, what Baltimore class does the virus belong to? does the virus have envelop? where is the Spike protein located in the virus? what does the Spike protein do for the virus? why is Spike protein used as vaccine? most mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 variants are associated with the Spike protein how would this offer survival and/or reproductive advantages to the virus?

Please answer fast What is CCR5 and what is its importance to human health? Describe the variants of CCR5 and how they relate to human health. What method is used to isolate DNA from human subjects?Why is it necessary to make lots of copies of only the CCR5 gene, and how is that done?   What are the potential implications of the observed genotype and phenotype frequencies for the spread of HIV?

Q16 The nucleocapsid of the tobacco mosaic virus is considered to be an open capsid because: A: The capsid uses icosahedral symmetry B: The genome is exposed throughout the capsid C:Protein subunits can be added to expand or reduce the available volume for the genome D: The capsid volume is fixed

Describe the natural history of the Rabies (taxon:11292) : host infectivity, transmission, symptomology Describe the genomic structure of the Rabies (taxon:11292)virus Baltimore Classification of Viruses  What is the genome made of? What are the genes? How are they organized? Is the genome single stranded, double stranded, RNA, DNA and what does it mean to be + or - strand? Is it segmented and what does that mean?