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The origin of life was likely preceded by a
period in which small organic molecules
accumulated on the surface of:
clay
___ is the ability to visualize a particular cell
structure based on how different it looks
from an adjacent structure.
Contrast
The complete protein composition of a cell
or organism is called the
proteom
What best explains why most cells are small?
Cells must be small to be able to take up nutrients efficiently
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network
of
membranes
The interaction of which of the following
macromolecules plays an important role in
the formation of living cells?
DNA
RNA
proteins
___ stores genetic information ___ acts as an
intermediary in protein synthesis, and
proteins form the foundation for the
structure and activities of living cells
DNA; RNA
Nucleotides and amino acids were
polymerized to form:
RNA, DNA, and proteins
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What was missing in the early history of life
on earth, that can explain why organic
molecules were able to accumulate?
living organisms
oxygen in the atmosphere
The slow accumulation of organic molecules
in the early oceans formed what is now
called a ___ soup
prebiotic
The accumulation of organic molecules in
the early oceans formed the ___ ___.
prebiotic soup
During the second stage in the origin of life,
small organic molecules polymerized to
form which of the following on the surface
of clay?
Macromolecules
Oxidation-reduction reactions are required
for the formation of ___ ___ molecules from
simple inorganic molecules.
complex organic
1.43-billion-year-old fossils of deep-sea ______
were discovered near ancient deep-sea
vents.
microbes
In protobionts, a boundary such as a ______
separates internal polymers from the
environment.
lipid bilayer
The membranes of the endoplasmic
reticulum form which of the following?
Cisternae
Fluid-filled tubules
Match the macromolecule to its function.
protein: forms the foundation for the structure and activities of living cells
DNA: stores genetic information
RNA: acts as an intermediary in the process of protein synthesis
Which of the following is necessary for the
formation of complex organic molecules
from simple inorganic molecules?
Oxidation-reduction reactions
It is during the third stage in the origin of life
that an outer ______ formed to separate the
internal polymers from the environment.
boundary
How would early cells benefit from DNA
replacing RNA as the information storage
molecule?
Information would be stored in a more stable molecule
RNA would have more flexibility in its catalytic functions
Which of these is an optical instrument that
allows researchers to view and study very
small objects, such as cellular structures?
Microscope
Which of these terms refers to the ability to
distinguish two adjacent objects from one
another?
Resolution
A light microscope utilizes ___ for illumination,
whereas an electron microscope uses a
beam of ___.
light; electrons
True or false: The resolution of an electron
microscope is far better than that of a light
microscope.
True
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The complete set of genetic material present
in a cell or organism is called its
genome
Based on cell structure, all life forms can be
placed into two categories called ___ and ___.
prokaryotes; eukaryotes
Prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes because
they lack a membrane-enclosed ___, which
houses the DNA.
nucleus
Where is the DNA housed in a bacterial cell?
Nucleoid region
In this figure of a typical bacterial cell, the
letters represent the following parts: A=___; B=
plasma ___; C= ___ ___.
nucleoid; membrane; cell wall
What are the two types of life forms?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
The different chemical properties of amino
acids have given proteins ______ catalytic
ability than RNA molecules.
greater
Which of the following organisms are
eukaryotes?
Fungi
Animals
Plants
In bacteria, the genetic material is located in
a region of the cytoplasm called the ___.
nucleoid
___, a measure of clarity, is the ability to
observe two adjacent objects as distinct
from one another.
Resolution
In eukaryotic cells, most of the DNA is
housed in an internal compartment, or
organelle, called the ___.
nucleus
The general term used to describe a
membrane-bound structure within a cell that
has its own unique structure and function is
___.
organelle
A diagram of a typical bacterial cell is shown
here. Match the letter to its appropriate
structure.
A: Ribosomes
B: Cytoplasm
C: Pili
D: Flagella
Eukaryotic cells have many membrane-
bound compartments called ___, whereas
prokaryotic cells do not exhibit
compartmentalization.
organelles
Aside from bacteria and archaea, all other
species are ___.
eukaryotes
In eukaryotes, the ___ is the region of a
eukaryotic cell that is outside the membrane-
bound organelles but inside the plasma
membrane.
cytosol
Which of the following describes an
organelle?
A membrane-bound component with its own unique structure and function.
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THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE AND CANCER: AN OVERVIEW
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3. Recombinant protein is produced by a genetically engineered strain of Escherichia coli during cell
growth. The recombinant protein can be considered a product of cell culture even though it is not
secreted from the cells; it is synthesized in addition to normal E. coli biomass. Ammonia is used as
the nitrogen source for aerobic respiration of glucose.
The recombinant protein has an overall formula of CH1.5500.31N..25. The yield of biomass (excluding
recombinant protein) from glucose is measured as o.48 g/g; the yield of recombinant protein from
glucose is about 20% of that for cells.
How much ammonia is required?
What is the oxygen demand?
If the biomass yield remains at 0.48 g /g, how much different are the ammonia and oxygen
requirements for wild-type E. coli that is unable to synthesize recombinant protein?
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O a. BbSs x BbSs
O b. BbSs x bbss
O c. BbSs x bbSs
O d. Bbss x bbSs
QUESTION 2
Some dogs bark while following a scent trail; others are silent. The barker allele is dominant (B) to the silent recessive allele (b). The allele for straight tails
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The mutation of genes within each cell type
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Quiz: Cell Structures and Function
Read each question. Circle the letter of the correct answer.
5. The functions of individual cells and the
functions of multicellular organisms are
1. Which of these structures surround cells?
A. cell wall and nucleus
similar. The table identifies some functions of
B. cell membrane and cell wall
cells and the organ systems that perform these
functions in multicellular organisms.
C. cytoplasm and cytoskeleton
D. cell membrane and cytoplasm
Function
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Organelle
waste removal
excretory system
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prokaryotes do not have?
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Eukaryotic cells are more complex v than prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells
The cell below is
Ribosomes
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Plasma membrane
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Nucleoli
Cytoplasmic Staining
Blood Cells
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18. The restriction EcoRI cleaves double-stranded DNA at the sequence 5'-GAATTC-3', the
restriction enzyme HindIII cleaves at the sequence 5'-AAGCTT-3', and the restriction enzyme
BamHI cleaves at 5'GGATCC-3. An 805 bp circular plasmid is digested with each enzyme
individually and then in combination, and the resulting fragment sizes are determined by
means of electrophoresis. The results are as follows:
1
Restriction Enzyme(s)
EcoRI
BamHI
HindIII
EcoRI and BamHI
EcoRI and HindIII
BamHI and HindIII
3
Practice
====•=•€ EX
Fragment lengths (base pairs)
430 bp, 375 bp
470 bp, 335 bp
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Copy and paste the link below and watch the video on Youtube and Answer the Questionshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-dNJdOvBM4
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Questions:
1. What are the materials used for the polymerase chain reaction?
2. Draw a schematic diagram of the procedure in PCR.
3. Why is it important to design the primers at the start of the laboratory procedure?
4. What are the components of the PCR buffer and what is its pH range? What is the purpose of the buffer?
5. What is the use for magnesium chloride?
6. How much template DNA is added? What is the concentration of the primers?
7. At what temperatures does denaturation, annealing and extension occur? Why are the processes placed in that temperature?
8. In this particular PCR experiment, how many cycles was used?
9. Can this PCR be used on its own to find out if a person has Covid or not on its own? Why or why not?
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Mutated DNA Sequence #2 T A C G A C C T T G G C G A C G A C T …
What’s the mRNA sequence? (Circle the change)
What will be the amino acid sequence?
Will there likely be effects? What type of mutation is this? ________________________________
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Specimen Image
Specimen Name
If it is living, is it eukaryotic
or prokaryotic?
If it is eukaryotic, is it an animal
or plant?
Is it living or nonliving?
O eukaryotic
O prokaryotic
O plant
O living
O nonliving
O animal
Specimen Image
Specimen Name
If it is living, is it eukaryotic
or prokaryotic?
If it is eukaryotic, is it an animal
or plant?
Is it living or nonliving?
O plant
O living
O nonliving
O eukaryotic
O prokaryotic
O animal
Specimen Image
Specimen Name
If it is living, is it eukaryotic
or prokaryotic?
If it is eukaryotic, is it an animal
or plant?
Is it living or nonliving?
O living
O nonliving
O eukaryotic
O prokaryotic
O plant
O animal
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Question 14
(2014 6E) Sickle-shaped red blood cells result from a mutation in the gene that codes for hemoglobin. This mutation results in sickle-cell anemia. A partial
sequence of bases from a normal hemoglobin gene and a sequence that results in sickle-cell anemia are shown below.
Normal hemoglobin:
T-G-A-G-G-T-C-T-C-C-T-C
Sickle-cell hemoglobin: T-G-A-G-G-T-C-A-C-C-T-C
What type of mutation is depicted in the sequence?
Answer
Substitution
G
Insertion
Deletion
J Frameshift
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Article:
Nanotechnology Tools to Detect SARS-CoV-2
Standard procedures for detecting the virus from nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs have been reviewed recently and are primarily based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Here, we would like to mention some preliminary ideas on nanotechnology-based assays to monitor the presence of SARS-CoV-2. A simplified test and variants thereof to detect viral proteins (e.g., HIV or influenza virus) without the need for expensive equipment is based on the color change of Au NPs bound to antibodies. Similar to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies coupled…
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The objective is to interpret the results of an RNA-Seq analysis to identify differentially expressed genes in breast cancer using figure 1. The data provided includes gene symbols, chromosome location, start and end points, strand, fold change, log2 fold change, p-value, and false discovery rate (FDR). The RNA-Seq analysis has identified several genes that are differentially expressed in breast cancer. These genes are located on various chromosomes and have varying levels of fold change, indicating the degree to which their expression levels differ between normal and cancerous cells. The gene with the highest fold change is EYA4, located on chromosome 6, with a fold change of 3604.4176. This indicates that the expression of this gene is over 3600 times higher in cancer cells compared to normal cells. The log2 fold change is 11.81555, which is a measure of the magnitude of the difference in gene expression. The…
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Question 3. Choose the best method (from lectures 19-21) for each of the following experiments.
You want to determine the transcriptomic response to heat shock in
[ Choose ]
a normal cell line.
You'want to measure the quantity of mRNA of your gene of interest
in sepal vs petal cells.
[ Choose ]
You want to identify the mutation that has occurred in your gene o
V [ Choose ]
interest after EMS mutagenesis.
CRISPR
Map based sequencing or whole genome shotgun sequencing
You want to know the DNA sequence of all of the genes in a
Recombinant DNA
genome.
Restriction enzyme digest
RT-PCR or qPCR
You want to make large quantities of DNA of your gene of interest
from a tiny amount of DNA.
Sanger sequencing
PCR
You want to determine the differences between the proteins made
Cloning
in the sepal vs petal cells.
Microarray or RNA-seq
Proteomics
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The anticodon sequence created from the following DNA: TACGGGGCTGAGATT
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O b. AUGCCCCGACUCUAA
c. UACGGGGCUGAGAUU
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Identify true statements regarding polymers. Check all that apply.
Check All That Apply
Glucose is an excellent example of a polymer vital to the human body.
A protein is a polymer of amino acids, and is one of the most versatile molecules in the body.
Starch is a polymer of about 3,000 glucose monomers and provides a tremendous source of fuel to the body.
DNA is a polymer made of 3 different kinds of monomers called nucleotides, and stores our genetic information.
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- 12:49 1 of 4 < PB Click and Learn The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer THE EUKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE AND CANCER: AN OVERVIEW ABOUT THIS WORKSHEET This worksheet complements the Click and Learn "The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer" and is intended as a straightforward introduction to the cell cycle and how that relates to cancer. For a more comprehensive student worksheet, please see the in depth version. PROCEDURE Read through the Click and Learn at (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/eukaryotic-cell-cycle-and- cancer) to learn about the cell cycle. Answer the questions below. 4. Click on the "Background" tab on the right side. Read the information and watch the videos. 1. Why is cell division important for both unicellular and multicellular organisms? 3. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation? 2. Why does cell division remain important to an adult organism even after it is fully developed? hhmi Biolnteractive STUDENT WORKSHEET What is apoptosis? What is its purpose?…arrow_forwardce.com/student/studentformative/ Online Tools Question 7 (2015 6C) Part of an important cellular process involving a DNA strand is modeled below. 3'- 5' What is the purpose of this cellular process? Answer Preserving genetic information for future generations Deleting the information in the sequence produced from the DNA template Transcribing information in the DNA sequence for use by the cell D Producing more nucleotides for the DNA sequence Question 7 Previous Edunance MBarrow_forwarde- e.com/student/studentformative/ Online Tools Juan Bonilla Velasquez > Nimitz 20-21: CA Biology ProSyn & Mum Previous Question 13 Next Question 13 (2015 6E) In the 1960s the molecular biologist George Streisinger developed the strand-slippage hypothesis. Streisinger noticed that mutations occurred in areas of DNA that contained many repeated sequences. When a strand-slippage error occurs, an insertion mutation can result. How does the insertion mutation affect the DNA? Answer A Nitrogenous bases are added. B Nitrogenous bases are exchanged. C Nitrogenous bases are damaged. D Nitrogenous bases are deleted. Question 13 Next nologies Inc 2021- Edugence Sign outarrow_forward
- Assignment_12.pdf - Adobe Reader File Edit View Window Help Оpen 1 / 1 99,1% Tools Fill & Sign Comment 3. Recombinant protein is produced by a genetically engineered strain of Escherichia coli during cell growth. The recombinant protein can be considered a product of cell culture even though it is not secreted from the cells; it is synthesized in addition to normal E. coli biomass. Ammonia is used as the nitrogen source for aerobic respiration of glucose. The recombinant protein has an overall formula of CH1.5500.31N..25. The yield of biomass (excluding recombinant protein) from glucose is measured as o.48 g/g; the yield of recombinant protein from glucose is about 20% of that for cells. How much ammonia is required? What is the oxygen demand? If the biomass yield remains at 0.48 g /g, how much different are the ammonia and oxygen requirements for wild-type E. coli that is unable to synthesize recombinant protein? а. b. с. 24°C 08:39 Berawan 27/04/2022arrow_forwardModule 10 DNA & Protein - 20 O Module 9 Genetics - 2021SP/B X B Take Test: Heredity 2 Homewor X + A sunyocc.open.suny.edu/webapps/assessment/take/launch.jsp?course_assessment_id=_109843_1&course_id=_53817_1&content_id3D_ * Question Completion Status: QUESTION 1 Some dogs bark while following a scent trail; others are silent. The barker allele is dominant (B) to the silent recessive allele (b). The allele for straight tails is dominant (S) over the allele for curly tails (s). If two dogs are heterozygous for both traits, which of these correctly identifies the genotypes of the parents? O a. BbSs x BbSs O b. BbSs x bbss O c. BbSs x bbSs O d. Bbss x bbSs QUESTION 2 Some dogs bark while following a scent trail; others are silent. The barker allele is dominant (B) to the silent recessive allele (b). The allele for straight tails is dominant (S) over the allele for curly tails (s). If two dogs are heterozygous for both traits, when we "FOIL" to see what allele combinations they can give to…arrow_forwardlaecf909ee148b4830/36 Tab BClassroom DBQ Online | Cover- New folder New folder R Benchmark Biology Posttest Spring 2021 Question 36 Il Pause Q Zoom Most cells have a limited life span. Cells that are damaged or lost in a multi-cellular organism are replaced through which of the following processes? A. remaining cells undergo mitosis remaining cells undergo meiosis C. remaining cells grow larger O D lost or damaged cells are not replaced 2021 Illuminate EducationTM, Inc.arrow_forward
- ugence gence.com/student/studentformative/ Juan Bonilla Velasquez > Nimitz 20-21: CA Biology ProSyn & Mu Online Tools A Question 8 Next + Previous Question 8 (2016 6D) Human bone, muscle, and nerve cells all contain the same number of chromosomes with the same complement of genes. What enables these cells to perform specialized activities? Answer F The ability of some cells to remove unnecessary DNA sequences The regulation of gene expression within each cell type The mutation of genes within each cell type The use of different methods of cell division Question 8 Next + Previous Technologies Inc2021 Edugence Sign outarrow_forwardUgy Final Exam - Biology Final Exam - RELAX! - K1 x+ A learning.k12.com/d21/le/enhancedSequenceViewer/1433017?url=https%3A%2F%2Fe02711f5-1353-40b6-af9b-3497ff846bd.sequences.api.b Apps KI2 K12.com KI2 OLS Login O My Info K12 Customer Supp. Class Connect O LogMeln123 KI2 Microsoft Office 365 xfinity | Portal ( Back to Content Biology Final Exam Time Limit: 2:00:00 Time Left:1:25:28 Nizyree Dotson: Attempt 2 Question 9 (1 point) Which of these processes is not a type of reproduction? 7. 8 Sexual 10 11 12 Asexual 13 14 15 O Mitosis Metabolism 16 17 18 Question 10 (1 point) E A X C V B N Marrow_forwardPath: p QUESTION 44 What precautions might you take when working in a BSL-2 lab? Is there a risk? T TTArial 3 (12pt) Path: p QUESTION 45 What are insertion and deletion mutations? Why might they be harmful to a cell? Click Save and Submit to save and submit. Click Save All Answers to save all answers. P Type here to search 立arrow_forward
- A * * 3 39% 0 11:30 AM MOD B Unit 1 Lesson 2 Quiz (1) - Read-only Read Only - You can't save changes to this file. Save a copy Dismiss Unit 1 Lesson 2 Name: Date: Lesson Quiz Quiz: Cell Structures and Function Read each question. Circle the letter of the correct answer. 5. The functions of individual cells and the functions of multicellular organisms are 1. Which of these structures surround cells? A. cell wall and nucleus similar. The table identifies some functions of B. cell membrane and cell wall cells and the organ systems that perform these functions in multicellular organisms. C. cytoplasm and cytoskeleton D. cell membrane and cytoplasm Function Organ system Organelle waste removal excretory system 2. What two features do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes do not have? circulation and transport of materials circulatory system breakdown of food digestive system into energy A. cell wall and ribosomes reproduction reproductive system ? B. nucleus and genetic material Which of these…arrow_forwardANSWER THE QUESTION PROPERLY INTRODUCTION : Pipetting is one of the most important skill of a cell and molecular biologist. This technique is needed because you will be working in the molecular scale. You will be measuring minute amount of liquid and other toxic / and non-toxic materials. You will also be working with DNA samples and other materials that must be transferred from one micro-container into another. This activity will help you develop your skills in pipetting as a major skill to be acquired in this subject matter. As your laboratory’s demand for accuracy and precision grows, so does the importance of understanding and developing an optimal pipetting technique. Walk through the following 12 steps that will bring your pipetting to the next level, and see how many you have already mastered and integrated as part of your everyday pipetting routine. Step 1: Pre-wet the pipette Step 2: Immerse the tip to the proper depth during aspiration Step 3: Pause consistently after…arrow_forwardmarks Window Help 53% O A docs.google.com G Cindy Nguyen - Life Science Review - Google. G Cindy Nguyen - Life Science Review - Goo. STAAR REVIEW CATEGORY 4 7.1 Science Review ☆ D ☺ D Present 2 Sha Format Slide Arrange Tools Add-ons Help Last edit was seconds ago Background Layout- Theme Transition 7.12D Plant and Animal Cells Complete the Venn Diagram to compare the characteristics of plant and animal cells by using all of the words in the word bank. Word Bank Plant Cells Animal Cells cell membrane DNA cell wall nucleus chloroplasts round shape cytoplasm square shape Click to add speaker notes 2 MacBook Airarrow_forward
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