07 Lab 5 Movement of Molecules
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Lab 5: Movement of Molecules 19 Lab 5: Movement of Molecules The plasma membrane of a living cell regulates the traffic of molecules in and out of the cell. Much has been learned about the movement of substances in and out of the cell by the use of artificial membranes. In this lab, dialysis tubing will be used to simulate a plasma membrane. Like a living membrane, it is selectively permeable. It has tiny pores that limit the passage of substances based on size. Anything larger in size than a monosaccharide may not be able to cross the “membrane”. Unlike a real membrane, it does not discriminate among nonpolar, polar, and ionic substances. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ In this lab, you will investigate the passive movement of molecules. This process requires a concentration gradient. Although there are many factors that affect the rate of movement, only size of molecules and the steepness of the gradient will be studied. This lab has 6 objectives: •
Observe Brownian movement.
•
Determine the effect of solute concentration on the rate of osmosis.
•
Investigate the selective permeability of an artificial membrane.
•
Determine the effect of molecular weight on the rate of diffusion.
•
Observe osmosis in plant cells.
•
Observe osmosis in animal cells.
P
ROBLEM O
F
THE
D
AY
How does size of molecules and steepness of concentration gradient affect movement of molecules? A.
BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
In 1827 Robert Brown, a Scottish botanist, observed that small pollen grains suspended in water exhibit a peculiar random vibrating movement. He erroneously thought that this motion was due to living activity. Instead, this motion, called Brownian
movement
, is due to random collisions resulting from kinetic energy. 1. Open the “Lab 5” folder on the desktop
and click on the “Brownian Movement”
file to observe India ink magnified 1000
times. India ink is a suspension of tiny
particles of carbon in water.
2. Compare the movement of large
particles with smaller ones. Do not
confuse Brownian movement with bulk
flow. Bulk flow occurs when all the
particles of carbon are swept along in one direction. 3. Turn to section A of the Lab Report and
answer the questions.
B.
THE EFFECT OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
ON THE RATE OF OSMOSIS
Problem 1:
Osmosis only occurs when there is a concentration gradient. It is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. What effect does the concentration gradient have on the rate and direction of osmosis? To answer this question, you will use pieces of dialysis tubing that have been made into small bags by tying off the ends. Each bag contains a 10% sucrose solution. The bags will
2
0
Lab 5: Movement of Molecules be immersed into beakers containing solutions of various concentrations: Beaker 1 = distilled water Beaker 2 = 10% sucrose solution Beaker 3 = 20% sucrose solution Beaker 4 = 40% sucrose solution Predictions: Predict what will happen to the 10% sucrose bag when placed in each beaker. Complete the Predictions Table (3rd page of Lab Report), indicating whether the bag will lose weight, gain weight, or not change. Procedure
: This experiment will be conducted as a class. It will require 4 teams to gather data. 1.
Lab Tech from each team, obtain the
following 2 items from the side counter.
a. a beaker containing 100 mL of your
assigned solution
b. a bag containing 10% sucrose
2.
Technician, in this experiment, you will
now be referred to as the “weigher.” Blot
the bag dry, weigh it, and record its
weight to the nearest 0.1 gram in Results Table (3rd page of Lab Report). 3.
Once all 4 teams are ready, the 4 bags
will simultaneously be dropped into their
respective beakers. For the next 40
minutes, at 10 minute intervals, the
“weigher” for each group will remove the
bag from the beaker, blot it dray, weigh
it, and report the data so that everyone
can record it. On the instructor’s signal,
“weighers” will return their bags to the
beakers.
4.
For each 10 minute reading, calculate
the change in weight (
∆
W) by
subtracting the initial weight (0 minutes)
from the weight for each 10 minute
reading. Record your data in the Results
Table (3
rd
page of Lab Report).
5.
Once all measurements have been
made and recorded, use all the data to
graph the results (4th page of Lab
Report) and answer the related questions
in part B of the Lab Report.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C. SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF AN ARTIFICIAL
MEMBRANE
Problem 2: How does the size of the solute particle affect its ability to diffuse across an artificial membrane? A dialysis bag containing a solution of 10% starch, 10% protein, 10% NaCl, and 10% glucose (for a total solute concentration of 40%) will be immersed into a beaker containing distilled water.
Predictions: 1. Is the solution in the bag hypertonic,
hypotonic, or isotonic to the distilled water
in the beaker? _________________________
2.
Will osmosis occur? _____________________
3.
If so, will water enter or exit the bag? _____
4. What will happen to the weight of the
bag? __________________________________
5.
Predict which substance(s)
will diffuse out
of the bag. _____________________________
6. Now, predict which substance(s) cannot
diffuse out of the bag. __________________
Procedure: 1.
Obtain a dialysis bag containing the
solution described above and a beaker
containing 100 mL of distilled water. Rinse
the bag off thoroughly with tap water
and then blot it dry.
2.
Determine the initial weight of the bag.
Record this weight to the nearest 0.1 g in
the space provided below.
3.
Obtain 4 clean white-coded test tubes
and using a 3 mL pipette, add 3 mL of
dH
2
O from the beaker to each tube. Set
these samples aside. They will serve as
negative controls for the chemical tests
performed later.
4.
Now, place the bag into the beaker of
distilled water for 30 minutes.
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Related Questions
Unit 2: Cells Test Review
Cell Transport
Label the following pictures: active transport, passive osmosis, passive diffusion, or passive facilitated diffusion.
We o
Why does Active Transport require ATP energy?
What is your vocabulary word that means balance/ equillibrlum?
Solutions
1. Label the below images of solutions: hypertonic, hypOtonic, or isotonic.
2. Write if the cell will be at equilibrium, shrink, or swell.
3. Explain where the most water is (inside the cell or outside the cell).
4. Explain where most of the water will move (inside the cell or outside the cell).
Water O
Water
Water
Water o O
Water
Water
O Solute
O Solute
O Solute
Explain if water will fNow into or out of the cell in the following scenarios:
1. Salt is 30% inside the cell and 35% outside the cell.
• Water is
% inside the cell
% outside the cell
• Waler will flow [inside /outsidel so the cell can reach equilibrium.
arrow_forward
Multiple Choice
The apparatus shown was set up. Some hours
later, the water in the beaker had turned blue, and
the liquid in the glass tube had moved upwards.
Which processes caused these changes?
2 attachments
glass tube
Which processes caused these changes?
water turned
blue
liquid in glass
tube moved
upwards
sugar solution
and blue ink
pure water
A
osmosis
diffusion
partially
permeable
membrane
active transport
osmosis
diffusion
active transport
diffusion
osmosis
A
B
D
arrow_forward
8. Define homeostasis.
maintoining nterral balance
9. What role does the cell membrane play in maintaining homeostasis?
10. How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion? How are they similar?
11. List two ways that active transport is different than passive transport.
1)
2)
12. Why is the sodium-potassium pump considered an active transport? Which direction are the
sodium and potassium bing pumped? How many sodiums are being pumped? How many
potassiums are being pumped?
arrow_forward
Part I – Introduction to Diffusion and Osmosis1. Define the terms diffusion, passive transport, active transport, and osmosis. In each of your definitions, describe the role of a concentration gradient. 2. Biological membranes are said to be selectively permeable (or semi-permeable). What does this term mean, and how does this affect the way that molecules are able to move through cellular membranes? 3. Which type of molecule is more likely to quickly pass through a cellular membrane via simple diffusion, polar or nonpolar? Why? (You may need to use information from your textbook and class discussions to answer this question.)
arrow_forward
Students set up an experiment in which they filled dialysis tubing with a 3% starch solution. They tied off the
ends of the tubing and placed it in a beaker filled with distilled water and 1% iodine for 3 hours as shown in
the diagram.
3% starch solution
1% lodine solution
Since dialysis tubing is semi-permeable like the plasma membrane, the bag of white starch solution was bluish-
black the next day. What is the best explanation for the results?
(1D)
O The starch solution diffused into the beaker because the concentration of water is greater in the starch solution than in
the iodine solution.
The iodine solution diffused into the bag because the concentration of water is greater in the starch solution than in the
iodine solution.
O The lodine solution diffused into the bag because the concentration of water is greater in the iodine solution than in the
starch solution.
O The starch solution diffused into the beaker because the concentration of water is greater in the iodine solution…
arrow_forward
i have 4 homework questions related to cell transport. i answered them with the help of my notes but just wanted to verify if my answers are correct and if they are not then an explanation would be helpful. so can you confirm if the following bolded answers are correctly selected:
1. Two molecules that can pass easily through the plasma membrane, between phospholipids, include
a) oxygen and starch
b) salt and water
c) starch and salt
d) water and oxygen
e) starch and water
2. When comparing two solutions, the one with more dissolved solutes is said to be
a) hypotonic
b) hypertonic
c) isotonic
d) in equilibrium
3. Turgor pressure builds up in a(n)_________ cell when it is placed in a(n)_______ solution.
a) plant, hypotonic
b) plant, hypertonic
c) plant or animal, isotonic
d) animal, hypotonic
e) animal, hypertonic
4. The scent of a burning candle fills the entire room. This process is an example of
a) osmosis
b) diffusion
c) endocytosis
d) facilitated diffusion
e) none of the above
arrow_forward
11:28 PM Fri Oct 9
* 29% O
T
of
+ :
Oct 8, 2020 at 2:10 PM
NAME
DATE
PERIOD
Cell Membrane Discovery
Big Idea: Cells move materials in and out of their environment through the cell membrane in order to
maintain
(balance) or
(equal state).
Composition of the Cell Membrane & Functions:
The cell membrane is also called the
membrane and is made of a
phospholipid
The phospholipids have a
(water
attracting or polar) head and two
(water repelling or non-polar)
The head of a phospholipid is made of an alcohol and phosphate group,
while the tails are 2 chains of fatty acids. Phospholipids can move apart and allow water and
other
molecules to pass through into or out of the cell. This is known as simple
because it does not require
and the molecules are moving
from areas of
concentration to an area of
concentration.
1. LABEL a phospholipid bilayer coloring the heads red and the tails blue. 2. LABEL the structure that is hydrophobic
and hydrophilic.
PHOSPHOLIPID
molecule
membrane
Another type of…
arrow_forward
Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity?
A greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
A relatively high protein content in the membrane
A greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
A lower temperature
arrow_forward
What is unique about plasma membrane?
Why is it advantageous for the plasma membrane to be fluid in nature?
How does the sodium-potassium pump contribute to the net negative charge of the interior of the cell?
In medicine, why is it important to administer only isotonic intravenous solutions to patients? Example of isotonic IV fluids are normal saline and lactated Ringer’s solution.
Potassium is a necessary nutrient in order to maintain the function of our cells. What would occur to a person that is deficient in potassium?
arrow_forward
Zarchi Hlaing: Attempt 1
Previous Page
Next Page
Question 17 (1 point)
Match each membrane molecule with its corresponding description.
[Each choice will be used exactly once.]
Can serve as transport
channels.
Help animal cell
membranes maintain
1. Phospholipids
fluidity.
2. Carbohydrates
Combine with other
molecules to make cell
3. Proteins
surface markers that
identify self from non-self.
4. Cholesterol
Lipid that can be described
as saturated or
unsaturated.
Time Left:1:10:51
arrow_forward
The fluidity of the plasma membrane increases with
1.Increase in unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane
2.Increase in saturated fatty acids in the membrane
3.Increase in glycolipid content in the membrane
4.Increase in phospholipid content in the membrane
arrow_forward
Reset Help
up
During osmosis, water moves
higher
its concentration gradient.
active
Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an
area of
concentration to an area
lower
of
concentration.
passive
down
Osmosis is the movement of a solvent from an
area of
concentration to an area
of
concentration across a
selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion and osmosis are
processes.
arrow_forward
3:35
::!! LTE O
A grier.instructure.com
缩放
+
Name:
Cell Transport Graphic Organizer
Cell Transport
passive
involver
Complete the map using the following words:
diffusion | equilibrium | osmosis | phospholipids | cell membrane
endocytosis | exocytosis | low concentration | energy
arrow_forward
%09 l,
dO" NOA
Please answer the following statements
with true or false
True
False
Peripheral
proteins interact
with water and
with the
phosphate
heads of the
plasma
membrane
A red blood cell
placed in
hypotonic
solution would
undergo
plasmolysis
Waste can be
released from
the human cell
by exocytosis
Calcium can
enter the cell by
simple diffusion
Phospholipids
bilayer is a
barrier against
ions
Water can
diffuse across
the plasma
A membrane using
aquaporins
arrow_forward
What would happen to an animal cell if you immersed it in a hypertonic solution for an extended period of time?
Question options:
Excess water is taken up by the central vacuole, causing the cell to swell, but not burst.
The cell would shrivel and appear crenate.
Nothing would happen, the system is in equilibrium.
The cell would swell until it burst.
arrow_forward
The topic is Plasma Membrane:
Supply necessary information about the parts of the plasma membrane in one sentence each.
1. Glycoprotein
2. Globular protein
3. Carbohydrate
4. Glycolipid
5. Cholesterol
6. Alpha-helix protein
7. Channel protein
8. Peripheral protein
9. Integral protein.
arrow_forward
You are viewing two samples of mammalian red blood cells (erythrocytes)
under a microscope. One first sample is made up of cells with a typical
round shape. Most of the cells in the second sample had burst open.
•Describe the properties of the solution that was used to prepare the
second sample.
• Identify one type of solute that can move through simple diffusion and
does not affect osmotic pressure or require a membrane protein to cross
a plasma membrane.
arrow_forward
Model 2 - Selectively Permeable Cell Membrane and Simple
Diffusion
Extracellular Fluid Wwwwww Cytoplasmic Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
www Cytoplasmic Fluid
www
w
wwwwww
www
www.x
www.
www.
www
www
www.
ACTE
Omw
ww
ww
Type lions
Type 2 molecules (glucose)
Extracellular Fluid Wwwwwww Cytoplasmic Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
ww Cytoplasmic Fluid
d
wwwx
w
mo
AM
8
MO
m
un
www
m
8
www
www.x
www.
Summ
Type 3 Urea molecules
upe 4 oxygen molecules
The four diagrams in Model 2 illustrate movement of four types of substances (see the table in
Model 1 - the symbols in this model correspond with those from the previous model) across a
phospholipid bilayer (extracellular fluid on left and cytoplasmic fluid on right).
of
3. Label each diagram in Model 2 with the ion or molecule type (i.e., large/small,
polar/nonpolar/charged) based on the information (including the symbols) in Model 1.
4. Assume the substances in Model 2 were on only one side of the membrane to start. The
diagrams illustrate what would…
arrow_forward
Model 4 - Transport Proteins: Facilitated Diffusion
Extracellular Fluid mu Cytoplasmic Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
wwwwwwy
hmmmml Cytoplasmic Fluid
www.wmy
wwwwwy
hummu
hmm
wwwwwwy
immmml
wwwwwwwwY
immu
hmmmml
wwwwy
hmmmm
O
wwwwwwy
wwwwwwwy
imm
hmmmmm
Y
www
Y
www
10. What appears to be the effect of inserting a protein channel into the membrane on the
movement of molecules across the membrane?
11. Is the inner surface (facing the channel) of the embedded protein likely to be polar or nonpolar
in the examples shown in Model 4? Is the exterior surface (facing the fatty acid chains of the
phospholipids) of the embedded protein likely to be polar or nonpolar? Explain your reasoning.
When a membrane protein assists in the passive transport of molecules across a barrier in the
direction down their concentration gradient (from high concentration to low concentration) it is
called facilitated diffusion. Transport proteins may also be involved in active transport where the
cell uses energy from…
arrow_forward
Osmosis Practice Activity
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Only water moves in osmosis! The diagrams below show the concentration of water and salt inside
the cell and the concentration of water and salt surrounding the cell. Complete the sentences below
by comparing the concentration of the water inside the cell and the concentration outside the cell.
1.
a. Water will flow
the cell, out of the cell, in both directions).
(into
5% NaCl
95% H20
95% NaCI
5% H20
b. The cell will
(shrink,
burst, stay the same).
a. Water will flow
(into the cell.
2.
5% NaCl
out of the cell, in both directions).
5% NaCl
95% H20
95% H20
b. The cell will
(shrink, burst,
stay the same).
arrow_forward
What among the following describes osmosis
1. The diffusion of water from an area low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.
2. Osmotic pressure is the force that allows water to move by osmosis through a selectively permeable membrane
3. When a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, water enters the cell by osmosis which causes it to swell and eventually burst.
4. A solution with greater concentration of water and low concentratioj of solute isbtermed as hyposmotic
arrow_forward
CELL ENVIRONMENTS
Fill in the following statement:
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from_high_concentration to_low.
concentration.
is the diffusion of water.
BEAKER #I
The solution inside the beaker is:
% water
% salt
The solution inside the cell is:
90
10
% water
% salt
20% salt
How will the water move? Into the cell or out of the cell?
10% salt
How will the movement of water affect the cell?
The cell
O Water molecules
This is a(n)
solution.
arrow_forward
Eukaryotic membrane fluidity can be increased by which of the following mechanisms? cell bio
increasing the number of carbons in the fatty acids of membrane lipids
increasing the number of fatty acids attached to glycerol in membrane lipids
increasing the number of straight-chain fatty acids of membrane lipids
increasing the degree of unsaturation in the fatty acids of membrane lipids
increasing the number of membraned organelles in the eukaryotic cell
arrow_forward
35: Which of the following statements makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?
Cell-to-cell communication requires physical attachment of one cell to another.
Maintenance of connective tissue shape requires cells to adhere to one another.
Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing through them.
Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes.
21: Living things are made up of cells. Cells are organized at different levels to form very complex living organisms like your body. Each level has a specific role or job to perform.
Which of the following correctly describes the order of organization from the simplest to the most complex?
tissues, cells, organs, organisms, organ systems
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms
organs, organ systems, organisms, cells, tissues
organisms,…
arrow_forward
Jubutunce, TUr example, how the
When molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low
concentration
Label the diagrams of cells using the following terms: diffusion, active transport,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion, or equilibrium. The arrows show the direction of
transport. You may use the terms more than once!
High
CO2
levels
8 H20
molecules
25 glucose
molecules
2 H20 molecules
Low CO2 levels
5 glucose molecules
2 H20
molecules
High
protein
levels
10 H20
molecules
10 H2O molecules
Low protein levels
8 H20 molecules
Osmosis Practice Activity
he diffusion of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
ences below
helow show the concentration of water and salt inside
arrow_forward
What is the cause of the impermeability of plasma membranes to water-soluble molecules?
Group of answer choices
the nonpolar nature of water
presence of phospholipid bilayer with a nonpolar/hydrophobic interior region
presence of transmembrane proteins
the presence of cellulose
arrow_forward
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- Unit 2: Cells Test Review Cell Transport Label the following pictures: active transport, passive osmosis, passive diffusion, or passive facilitated diffusion. We o Why does Active Transport require ATP energy? What is your vocabulary word that means balance/ equillibrlum? Solutions 1. Label the below images of solutions: hypertonic, hypOtonic, or isotonic. 2. Write if the cell will be at equilibrium, shrink, or swell. 3. Explain where the most water is (inside the cell or outside the cell). 4. Explain where most of the water will move (inside the cell or outside the cell). Water O Water Water Water o O Water Water O Solute O Solute O Solute Explain if water will fNow into or out of the cell in the following scenarios: 1. Salt is 30% inside the cell and 35% outside the cell. • Water is % inside the cell % outside the cell • Waler will flow [inside /outsidel so the cell can reach equilibrium.arrow_forwardMultiple Choice The apparatus shown was set up. Some hours later, the water in the beaker had turned blue, and the liquid in the glass tube had moved upwards. Which processes caused these changes? 2 attachments glass tube Which processes caused these changes? water turned blue liquid in glass tube moved upwards sugar solution and blue ink pure water A osmosis diffusion partially permeable membrane active transport osmosis diffusion active transport diffusion osmosis A B Darrow_forward8. Define homeostasis. maintoining nterral balance 9. What role does the cell membrane play in maintaining homeostasis? 10. How is facilitated diffusion different from diffusion? How are they similar? 11. List two ways that active transport is different than passive transport. 1) 2) 12. Why is the sodium-potassium pump considered an active transport? Which direction are the sodium and potassium bing pumped? How many sodiums are being pumped? How many potassiums are being pumped?arrow_forward
- Part I – Introduction to Diffusion and Osmosis1. Define the terms diffusion, passive transport, active transport, and osmosis. In each of your definitions, describe the role of a concentration gradient. 2. Biological membranes are said to be selectively permeable (or semi-permeable). What does this term mean, and how does this affect the way that molecules are able to move through cellular membranes? 3. Which type of molecule is more likely to quickly pass through a cellular membrane via simple diffusion, polar or nonpolar? Why? (You may need to use information from your textbook and class discussions to answer this question.)arrow_forwardStudents set up an experiment in which they filled dialysis tubing with a 3% starch solution. They tied off the ends of the tubing and placed it in a beaker filled with distilled water and 1% iodine for 3 hours as shown in the diagram. 3% starch solution 1% lodine solution Since dialysis tubing is semi-permeable like the plasma membrane, the bag of white starch solution was bluish- black the next day. What is the best explanation for the results? (1D) O The starch solution diffused into the beaker because the concentration of water is greater in the starch solution than in the iodine solution. The iodine solution diffused into the bag because the concentration of water is greater in the starch solution than in the iodine solution. O The lodine solution diffused into the bag because the concentration of water is greater in the iodine solution than in the starch solution. O The starch solution diffused into the beaker because the concentration of water is greater in the iodine solution…arrow_forwardi have 4 homework questions related to cell transport. i answered them with the help of my notes but just wanted to verify if my answers are correct and if they are not then an explanation would be helpful. so can you confirm if the following bolded answers are correctly selected: 1. Two molecules that can pass easily through the plasma membrane, between phospholipids, include a) oxygen and starch b) salt and water c) starch and salt d) water and oxygen e) starch and water 2. When comparing two solutions, the one with more dissolved solutes is said to be a) hypotonic b) hypertonic c) isotonic d) in equilibrium 3. Turgor pressure builds up in a(n)_________ cell when it is placed in a(n)_______ solution. a) plant, hypotonic b) plant, hypertonic c) plant or animal, isotonic d) animal, hypotonic e) animal, hypertonic 4. The scent of a burning candle fills the entire room. This process is an example of a) osmosis b) diffusion c) endocytosis d) facilitated diffusion e) none of the abovearrow_forward
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- Zarchi Hlaing: Attempt 1 Previous Page Next Page Question 17 (1 point) Match each membrane molecule with its corresponding description. [Each choice will be used exactly once.] Can serve as transport channels. Help animal cell membranes maintain 1. Phospholipids fluidity. 2. Carbohydrates Combine with other molecules to make cell 3. Proteins surface markers that identify self from non-self. 4. Cholesterol Lipid that can be described as saturated or unsaturated. Time Left:1:10:51arrow_forwardThe fluidity of the plasma membrane increases with 1.Increase in unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane 2.Increase in saturated fatty acids in the membrane 3.Increase in glycolipid content in the membrane 4.Increase in phospholipid content in the membranearrow_forwardReset Help up During osmosis, water moves higher its concentration gradient. active Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of concentration to an area lower of concentration. passive down Osmosis is the movement of a solvent from an area of concentration to an area of concentration across a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion and osmosis are processes.arrow_forward
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