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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Molecular Biology
Strains of bacteria that have suppressor (termination codon) mutations tend to have poor growth. Why do you think this is?
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- Gene editing is also used to explore the structure and function ofproteins. For example, changes can be made to the coding sequenceof a gene to determine how alterations in the amino acid sequenceaffect the function of a protein. Let’s suppose that you areinterested in the functional importance of a particular glutamicacid (an amino acid) within a protein you are studying. By geneediting, you make mutant proteins in which the glutamic acidcodon has been changed to other codons. You then test the encodedmutant proteins for functionality. The results are as follows: FunctionalityNormal protein 100%Mutant proteins containingTyrosine 5%Phenylalanine 3%Aspartic acid 94%Glycine 4%From these results, what would you conclude about the…In relation to central dogma of molecular biology answer the following questions: The following segment of DNA is part of the transcription unit of a gene. You know already that RNA polymerase moves in a specific direction along this piece of DNA to convert one of the DNA strands into a single strand RNA transcript so that this entire region of DNA is made into RNA. 5′-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-3′ 3′-CCGTACCGTTATAACATCAT-5′ Given this information, a student claims that the RNA produced from this DNA is: 3′-GGCATGGCAATATTGTAGTA-5′ Give two reasons why this answer is incorrect.Consider the following original coding sequence of a gene that codes for a short 5- amino acid polypeptide: 5'-ATGGGCTCGAACTCATAA-3' Using the genetic code and the amino acid table below, which of the following sequences arises from a non-conservative missense mutation in the original sequence shown above? First base in codon U U A UUU UUC- UUA UUG- CUU CUC CUA CUG- U Phe (F) Leu (L) Leu (L) Second base in codon Val (V) UCU - UCC UCA UCG CCU CCC CCA CCG AUU ACU- AUC Ile (1) ACC AUA- ACA AUG Met (M) start ACG GUU GCU- GUC GCC GUA GCA GUG GCG- C Ser (S) Pro (P) Thr (T) Ala (A) UAU UAC UAAT UAG CAU CAC CAA CAG AAU AAC AAA AAG GAU GAC GAA GAG A Tyr (Y) STOP His (H) Gln (Q) Asn (N) Lys (K) Asp (D) Glu (E) G UGU UGC UGA STOP UGG Trp (W) Cys (C) CGU CGC CGA CGG AGU AGC AGA 1 AGG GGU- GGC GGA GGG Arg (R) Ser (S) Arg (R) Gly (G) U C A G U C A G U C A G U C A G Last base in codon
- The sequence below shows the non-coding strand from the whole of the transcribed region of a very short gene. 5’-GGCTTCTTTAGTACTGGCCAGTGGGATCCAAGTAGGCTGCCATTTCGT-3’ Write out the sequence of the mRNA from this gene in the orientation 5′ → 3′ and, using the genetic code (see Fig. 1. overleaf) deduce the amino acid sequence of the peptide it encodes (NB you should read about the operation of the genetic code prior to attempting this question).. The genetic code is thought to have evolved to maximize genetic stability by minimizing the effect on protein function of most substitution muta- tions (single-base changes). We will use the six arginine codons to test this idea. Consider all of the substitutions that could affect all of the six arginine codons. (a) How many total mutations are possible? (b) How many of these mutations are "silent," in the sense that the mutant codon is changed to another Arg codon? (c) How many of these mutations are conservative, in the sense that an Arg codon is changed to a functionally similar Lys codon?In studying the mechanism of a particular enzyme, for which the cloned gene is available, you wish to change a putative active site histidine residue to a proline by site-directed mutagenesis. The His codon to be changed is 5′-CAC. You wish to change it to 5′-CCC, one of four Pro codons. The nucleotide sequence surrounding the His codon is 5′-CTGGAATCTCACTTTATCTGG-3′. Write the nucleotide sequence of an oligonucleotide (a 21-mer) that could force the conversion of the CAC codon to CCC in a site-directed mutagenesis operation
- Exceptions to the universality of the genetic code were once thought to be rare, but more and more exceptions are being found. As mentioned in the text, one study found that a significant proportion of bacteria in the environment use nonuniversal codons. Can you think of any advantages for an organism using nonuniversal codons?Predict the amino acid sequence produced during translationof the short theoretical mRNA sequences below. (Notethat the second sequence was formed from the first by a deletionof only one nucleotide.) What type of mutation gave rise tosequence 2? Sequence 1: 5'@AUGCCGGAUUAUAGUUGA@3' Sequence 2: 5'@AUGCCGGAUUAAGUUGA@3'I've attached the table of transcription ans translation for a DNA and Bees work, Genes A and B are exons while C is an intron. Gene A has a silent mutation and Gene B has a nonsense mutation. Please answer the below for me The 3 genes code for different proteins: • Gene A = protein essential for stinger • Gene B = DNA replication enzyme • Gene C = fuzzy hair protein Do you think it matters which protein is mutated? Is one protein more important than another? How would you try to help the bees stay healthy using the information from the mutations?
- Consequences of the Wobble Hypothesis Point out why Cricks wobble hypothesis would allow fewer than 61 anticodons to be used to translate the 61 sense codons. How might wobble tend to accelerate the rate of translation?Which of the following statements is false? a. GTP is an energy source during various stages of translation. b. In the ribosome, peptidyl transferase catalyzes peptide bondformation between amino acids. c. When the mRNA code UAA reaches the ribosome, there isno tRNA to bind to it. d. A long polypeptide is cut off the tRNA in the A site so its Metamino acid links to the amino acid in the P site. e. Forty-two amino acids of a protein are encoded by 126nucleotides of the mRNA.Eukaryotic mRNA: usessnRNPs to cut out introns and seal together translatableexons. uses a spliceosome mechanism made of DNA to recognizeconsensus sequences to cut and splice. has a guanine cap on its 39 end and a poly(A) tail on its 59 end. is composed of adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. codes the guanine cap and poly(A) tail from the DNAtemplate.
