Imagine that you were the chief engineer for NASA's Apollo 13 mission to the moon. The air filter which they had been using is fully saturated and no longer works. The astronauts are running out of oxygen and need to get rid of the excess carbon dioxide. You remember that the astronauts have a container of 14.5 kg of sodium hydroxide on the ship. As a chemical engineer, you know that sodium hydroxide can be used to remove carbon dioxide from the air by producing sodium carbonate and dihydrogen monoxide. • How many liters of carbon dioxide are cleaned by the amount of sodium hydroxide given in the problem? The astronauts have 3 days left before they land on earth. You know that there are 4 astronauts, and each astronaut emits roughly 700 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) each day. • How many liters of CO2 are produced by the astronauts? • Is there enough NaoH for the astronauts to survive the rest of their trip? • If the astronaut survived the trip, how much NaOH was left over? If the astronaut perished, how much more NaOH was needed?
Ideal and Real Gases
Ideal gases obey conditions of the general gas laws under all states of pressure and temperature. Ideal gases are also named perfect gases. The attributes of ideal gases are as follows,
Gas Laws
Gas laws describe the ways in which volume, temperature, pressure, and other conditions correlate when matter is in a gaseous state. The very first observations about the physical properties of gases was made by Robert Boyle in 1662. Later discoveries were made by Charles, Gay-Lussac, Avogadro, and others. Eventually, these observations were combined to produce the ideal gas law.
Gaseous State
It is well known that matter exists in different forms in our surroundings. There are five known states of matter, such as solids, gases, liquids, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The last two are known newly in the recent days. Thus, the detailed forms of matter studied are solids, gases and liquids. The best example of a substance that is present in different states is water. It is solid ice, gaseous vapor or steam and liquid water depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. This is due to the difference in the intermolecular forces and distances. The occurrence of three different phases is due to the difference in the two major forces, the force which tends to tightly hold molecules i.e., forces of attraction and the disruptive forces obtained from the thermal energy of molecules.
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