Governments and pharmaceutical companies rushed quickly ahead to develop a vaccine. Vaccinations and immunizations are examples of positive externalities. A positive externality is when an activity creates a benefit for those who are not involved in the transaction, a third party. Let’s examine the vaccination of Covid-19 as a positive externality. Question: Why is the Covid-19 vaccination considered a positive externality?

Governments and pharmaceutical companies rushed quickly ahead to develop a vaccine. Vaccinations and immunizations are examples of positive externalities. A positive externality is when an activity creates a benefit for those who are not involved in the transaction, a third party. Let’s examine the vaccination of Covid-19 as a positive externality. Question: Why is the Covid-19 vaccination considered a positive externality?

Essentials of Economics (MindTap Course List)

8th Edition

ISBN:9781337091992

Author:N. Gregory Mankiw

Publisher:N. Gregory Mankiw

Chapter10: Externalities

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QR

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Suppose that we have a model that estimates that taking the COVID-19 vaccine creates a positive externality to society that is at least equal to $1500 per vaccine. (Amazing, right? Well, remember that I made it up.) This means that for every person that takes the vaccine, the benefits to society will be $1500 or more. a. First, what factors do you think go into estimating the benefits of $1500 per vaccine. This is kind of a brainstorming question – but it is worth points so don’t skip it. b. What is the relationship between the equilibrium quantity of vaccines and the socially optimal quantity of vaccines?
Historically, vaccinations have prevented the spread of certain diseases such as chicken pox or meningitis. What type of externality takes place with the consumption of such vaccines. Explain with words and a graph.
1. Are vaccines considered as public good? Show in graphical explanation or representation. 2. Should vaccines be mandatory? Show in graphical explanation or representation.
Do COVID-19 Vaccines create external benefit? Why? Then should the government subsidize this activity?
Consider an infectious disease such as the flu which is spread primarily through virus particles in aerosolized respiratory droplets of already infected people. a In the midst of an infectious disease epidemic of this sort, is it privately rational for people to limit their exposure to other people, perhaps by staying home from work or not going to school? b An infected person who goes out into public areas and does not take precautions to contain their respiratory emissions clearly poses a negative externality on those around them. Does an uninfected person going out into public areas also pose a negative externality? c For a particularly severe disease outbreak of this sort, one possible government response is to exaggerate to the public both the harm that might arise from contracting the disease and the likelihood of contracting the disease. In what ways might such a strategy reduce the harm to the public from the disease epidemic? In what ways might such a strategy increase the…
Which of the following are examples of negative externalities? A. Reduced spread of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases from people physically distancing and wearing masks. B. Unsightly oil rigs offshore from Santa Barbara, diminishing the quality of the view for beachgoers and coastal homeowners. C. Reduced incidence of the common flu stemming from more people obtaining flu shots during the Fall. D. Reduced crime rates stemming from rapid economic growth and reduced unemployment. E. High gas prices caused by rapid demand growth in China. F. Job losses associated with a factory closure in the United States, because a factory was opened in Mexico to replace it. G. Noise from traffic on a busy street. H. Light pollution from cities making it more difficult for observatories to view distant stars. I. Noise pollution eminating from windmills on the North Shore of Oahu. J. Pollution emissions from power plants.
#9. A safe and effective coronavirus vaccine has positive externalities. Is it efficient for the government to provide this vaccine to everyone for free? a. Yes. Goods with positive externalities should always be free. b. Uncertain. Goods with positive externalities should be subsidized, but making them free is not necessarily efficient. c. No. According to the First Fundamental Welfare Theorem, the market will provide the efficient amount of vaccines on its own. с. d. No. Goods with positive externalities should be taxed.
$20 15 10 1,200 1,500 1,800 2,400 Refer to the figure. The figure represents the market for Covid vaccines with external benefits. The external of vaccination is benefit; $5 cost; $10 cost; $15 benefit; $20
One way that externalities can be eliminated is to Question 53Select one: a. increase competition b. regulate production or consumption c. increase transaction costs d. ensure perfect market information e. relax enforcement of property rights
7. Critically evaluate the following statement: Health is a public good?
#8. A party ends up spreading the coronavirus. Is that an externality? a. Yes, it is a negative externality b. Yes, it is a positive externality c. No, it is not an externality
Viral infections such as flu are highly contagious. The number of infections and thus the spread of the disease can be prevented by getting vaccinated. However, the decision to take vaccine is voluntary and some people choose not to go for it for various reasons.] [What type of externality occurs by getting vaccinated against contagious diseases? Explain your answer in 100 words or less. [In a diagram, show the market equilibrium quantity of the vaccine. Is the quantity also socially efficient? Explain in 100 words or less and demonstrate using the same diagram. [Suggest one method to achieve a socially efficient outcome. Explain your answer in 100 or less words.