12 Demand elasticity and social loss. Consider two vaccines for different viruses X and 2. Assume that the marginal cost of producing both drugs is constant and that the fixed cost is small. In other words, assume that the supply curve for both drugs is flat. a Suppose that demand for vaccine y is price elastic, whereas demand for vaccine 2 is relatively inelastic. Plot the private demand curve for both drugs on separate axes.
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- 12 Demand elasticity and social loss. Consider two vaccines for difffferent viruses χ and Ω Assume that the marginal cost of producing both drugs is constant and that the fixed cost is small. In other words, assume that the supply curve for both drugs is flat. a Suppose that demand for vaccine χ is price elastic, whereas demand for vaccine Ω is relatively inelastic. Plot the private demand curve for both drugs on separate axes. b For the sake of example, assume that both viruses have the same externality. Plot the social demand curve for both drugs and label the social loss in each case. c Explain intuitively why, all else equal, social loss is greater in the case of elastic demand than it is in the case of inelastic demand.A consumer’s demand for a medical service is as follows: Q = 100 – P, where P is theout-of-pocket price she actually faces. Assume this medical service has a market price of $70.This consumer is considering four different insurance options: no insurance, full insurance, a 50% coinsurance plan, and a copayment plan with a $25 co-pay Calculate the deadweight loss under each insurance scheme and show iton each graph. What do you observe?A pharmaceutical company develops a vaccine against malaria, a disease that kills large numbers of people worldwide. This vaccine market presents Opositive externalities Onegative externalities Opublic goods Osocial cost and as a result Othe private demand for vaccine is greater than the social demand Othe social demand for vaccines is greater than the private demand Othe market will result in an over production of vaccines Othe price of the vaccine will be too low to generate profitfor the firm ZER F11 F12 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 prt s
- Herd immunity is a negative health externality. O True O False)a-Ali receives utility from the Korean vaccine(K) and American vaccine(V) that he receives in thefollowing format: U=K*VPv=200Pk=160I=8000After the Korean vaccine price goes up to 250 TL, as there is increased international competition toreceive it what is the compensation the Turkish government needs to offer for the individual`s utility tostay constant?b)With the Korean vaccine price going up to 250 TL, please differentiate the substitution vs incomeeffect of this price increase. Is the vaccine a normal good or an inferior good?c) Individuals gain utility from two things: leisure(N) and numeraire good consumption(C). In their youththey maximize:U1(N1, C1) = (N)1/2 (C)1/2Budget constraint should be constructed in the following way: With 24 hours of work, you buy leisurehours, and the numeraire good, which has a price of 1. If you get an hourly wage rate of w,Please set up the Lagrangian for utility maximization. Solve for w=10, your labor decision for the firstperiod.d-Let us assume…12. True or False? Medicaid is a U.S. federal- and state- government-sponsored insurance program that provides insurance to people under age 65 whose incomes fall below a certain threshold (level). O True O False
- 1. When is the appropriate time to invest, Is it today or after pandemic? Why not? 2. Is is right to impose another lockdown with the new covid strain that was identified?Do COVID-19 Vaccines create external benefit? Why? Then should the government subsidize this activity?In the RAND study, two plans had full coverage for spending within the hospital, but one had a $150 deductible for ambulatory care. Th e plan with the ambulatory care deductible had a lower probability of hospital admission (0.115) per year than did the plan with full coverage for everything (0.128), even though both plans covered hospital care fully. (See Table 5.4. Page 120 of the Textbook: Health Economics Charles) What does this tell you about the use of hospital and ambulatory. Table 5.4. Hospital use in HIS Plan Admissionsper Year Inpatient Cost(1984 Dollars) C = 0 0.128 409 C=0.5 0.092 450 C=0.95 0.099 315 $150 individual deductible 0.115 373
- Consider an infectious disease such as the flu which is spread primarily through virus particles in aerosolized respiratory droplets of already infected people. a In the midst of an infectious disease epidemic of this sort, is it privately rational for people to limit their exposure to other people, perhaps by staying home from work or not going to school? b An infected person who goes out into public areas and does not take precautions to contain their respiratory emissions clearly poses a negative externality on those around them. Does an uninfected person going out into public areas also pose a negative externality? c For a particularly severe disease outbreak of this sort, one possible government response is to exaggerate to the public both the harm that might arise from contracting the disease and the likelihood of contracting the disease. In what ways might such a strategy reduce the harm to the public from the disease epidemic? In what ways might such a strategy increase the…4. Moral hazard and health insurance pricing а. On a graph with fullness of coverage on the x axis and price per unit of coverage on the vertical axis, which corner would you most like to be in? (northeast, southeast, northwest, or southwest) b. Draw the graph referenced in Part A. Assume there is no moral hazard. Indicate where you would be on the graph. Mark this as point b. C. On the same graph as Part B add the set of possible insurance contracts an insurer would offer you after accounting for moral hazard. Indicate your new optimal point. Mark this as point c. d. On the same graph indicate utility loss due to moral hazard. e. Consider a completely risk averse individual that cares only about coverage level. On a new graph (with new utility curves) illustrate where they are in worlds with and without moral hazard. Label these points as above. f. Is this individual's utility loss greater or less than yours?The market inverse supply curve for amoxicillin, an antibiotic with lots of generics, isrepresented by the equation P = 3 + 0.0006QS. The market demand curve is represented byQD = 187,500 − 625P.It is well known that antibiotic use generates negative externalities. How might thegovernment restrict the use of antibiotics? Show this on a demand-supply graph. Thendiscuss a potential unintended consequence of the government’s intervention.