1. Which G protein activatesPhospholipase C (PLC)?2. What phospholipid doesPLC cleave to producesecond messengers?3. What are the propertiesof these 2 secondmessengers?4. Which second messengeropens a ligand gated ionchannel in the ER?5. Which hydrophobicsecond messengeractivates protein kinaseC?6. Which hydrophilic secondmessenger activatesprotein kinase C byincreasing cytosolic Ca2+levels which allows Ca2+to bind to PKC?Kinases2Phosphatidylinositol(PI)PI 3-kinasePLCPI 4,5-bis-phosphate(PI-4,5-bisP)PlasmamembranecogDiacylglycerol(DAG)Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate(IP3)Second messengersPI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate(PI-3,4,5-trisP)domains000Docking site forpleckstrin homologyCell membranePIP 20Phospholipase CcleavageIP 3VIVALER membrane00Calciumioniii DAGCalciumionFigure 13.12Biochemistry, Third Edition2015 W.H. Freeman and CompanyDiacylglycerol (DAG)Protein kinase CIP 3receptorMY99Cytoplasm A• How does the hormone getfrom its secretory gland to itstarget tissue?• Are steroid hormoneshydrophobic or hydrophilic?• How are steroid hormonestransported to targettissues?●. When the steroid hormonebinds to the nuclear receptorit dimerizes and binds toHRES?• What are the HRES?●●When the NR dimer binds toHRES how does it effect genetranscription?Serum binding proteinwith bound hormoneHormoneASEAltered cellfunction1Newprotein42DNA-RNAHREPlasmamembranemRNANuclearreceptorpolymerasetranscriptionCytosolFigure 12-30Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Seventh Edition© 2017 W. H. Freeman and CompanyNucleustranslationon ribosomesGene312Hormone, carried to the target tissue onserum binding proteins, diffuses across theplasma membrane and binds to its specificreceptor protein in the nucleus.3Hormone binding changes the conformationof the receptor; it forms homo- or heterodimerswith other hormone-receptor4complexes and binds to specific regulatoryregions called hormone response elements(HREs) in the DNA adjacent to specific genes.Receptor attracts coactivator or corepressorprotein(s) and, with them, regulatestranscription of the adjacent gene(s), increasingor decreasing the rate of mRNA formation.Altered levels of the hormone-regulated geneproduct produce the cellular response to thehormone.

Note:- according to bartleby guidelines i will answered you only first three questions. Thank you.

1. 2. Which G protein activates Phospholipase C (PLC)? What phospholipid does PLC cleave to produce second messengers? 3. What are the properties of these 2 second messengers? 4. Which second messenger opens a ligand gated ion channel in the ER? 5. Which hydrophobic second messenger activates protein kinase C? 6. Which hydrophilic second messenger activates protein kinase C by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels which allows Ca2+ to bind to PKC? Kinases Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 3-kinase PLC PI 4,5-bis-phosphate (PI-4,5-bisP) Plasma membrane Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) Second messengers PI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PI-3,4,5-trisP) Docking site for pleckstrin homology domains Cell membrane PIP20 Phospholipase C cleavage IP3 ER membrane Calcium ion Calcium ion Figure 13.12 Biochemistry. Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company DAG Diacylglycerol (DAG) Protein kinase C IP 3 receptor O O Cytoplasm

1. 2. Which G protein activates Phospholipase C (PLC)? What phospholipid does PLC cleave to produce second messengers? 3. What are the properties of these 2 second messengers? 4. Which second messenger opens a ligand gated ion channel in the ER? 5. Which hydrophobic second messenger activates protein kinase C? 6. Which hydrophilic second messenger activates protein kinase C by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ levels which allows Ca2+ to bind to PKC? Kinases Phosphatidylinositol (PI) PI 3-kinase PLC PI 4,5-bis-phosphate (PI-4,5-bisP) Plasma membrane Diacylglycerol (DAG) Inositol 1,4,5-tris-phosphate (IP3) Second messengers PI 3,4,5-tris-phosphate (PI-3,4,5-trisP) Docking site for pleckstrin homology domains Cell membrane PIP20 Phospholipase C cleavage IP3 ER membrane Calcium ion Calcium ion Figure 13.12 Biochemistry. Third Edition 2015 W.H. Freeman and Company DAG Diacylglycerol (DAG) Protein kinase C IP 3 receptor O O Cytoplasm

Biochemistry

6th Edition

ISBN:9781305577206

Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Publisher:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. Grisham

Chapter27: Metabolic Integration And Organ Specialization

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 5P

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

b) Complete the following flow chart| (a membrane phospholipid)_ Hydrolysed by phospholipase C, to produce Remains associated with plasma membrane a small polar molecule released to cytosol, diffuses to the iv. and causes the release of v. by binding to receptors that are ligand-gated channels. Activates other proteins Activates vi which then phosphorylates other intracellular targets. form complex with vii.
D Question 18 Which of the following statements describes the signal amplification that results from activation of the G-protein coupled receptor? Fragmentation of the G-protein leads to an increase in entropy O The binding of a ligand to the receptor increases the chances of the receptor binding a G-protein The binding of a G-protein to the receptor increases the chances of it exchanging GDP for GTP O The ligand is bound to the receptor sufficiently long such that the receptor can fragment several G-proteins
3 of 16 Which statement about the IP3 DAG pathway is false? O Diacylglycerol can act as a second messenger. Inositol trisphosphate can act as a second messenger. O Protein kinase C can phosphorylate a wide variety of proteins. O Inositol trisphosphate remains bound to the membrane after phospholipase C catalyzes its formation. Inositol trisphosphate can open ion channels in the membraņes of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, releasing calcium into the cytoplasm.
You perform a competition study on a GPCR. You have isolated the plasma membrane from cells which contains the GPCR of interest. If an agonist and an inverse agonist are at equal concentrations in your study but the inverse agonist has a 10 x higher affinity for the receptor than the agonist, what would you expect to be the overall outcome to be? More of the agonist is bound and so most of the receptor is in its active conformation and is stimulated More of the inverse agonist is bound and so most of the receptor is in its inactive conformation and is unstimulated.
Some cytoplasmic kinases, enzymes that phosphorylate substrates at the expense of ATP, bind to voltage-dependent anion channels. What might the advantage of this binding be?
Which of the following are activated either directly or indirectly by a heterotrimeric G protein subunit (select all that apply)? O IP, receptor O PIP3-dependent protein kinase O Protein Kinase A O Akt O Phospholipase C O Adenylyl cyclase O Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
With the aid of diagrams describe the signalling pathway involving inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate from ligand binding to intracellular effects (65%). In your answer explain how it is synthesised from the membrane phospholipid and, excluding receptor agonists, provide two examples of drugs that modulate activity in the pathway (35%).
Phospholipase A2 causes the release of what fatty acid from membrane phospholipids? What chemical class of messengers is produced from this fatty acid?
An active Gai ultimately prevents production of its pathways second messengers, which means those second messengers are unable to activate the enzyme O phospholipase C O protein kinase A O adenylyl cyclase phosphodiesterase protein kinase C
Ligand binding of a (????) causes conformational changes in the receptor that free the associated G-protein to interact with other membrane proteins Voltage gated ion channel GPCR Ligand gated ion channel Ligandase pore
O Copy of Pathway divergence occurs when: O signaling pathways produce the same outcome one signaling pathway triggers another Osignaling pathways split to produce multiple outcomes. Osignaling pathways use a common intermediate Question 14 Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for halting G-protein coupled receptor signaling? receptor endocytosis. OGDP hydrolysis Arrestins 2. O ATP hydrolysis
Item21 Item 21 Neurons have a _______ membrane potential of –70mV. In other words, this is their stable membrane potential under normal conditions. Fill in the blank Fill in the blank Item22 Item 22 When a skin wound is healing, cell contact on all sides is a strong stimulus for cell division. Group startsTrue or False Item23 Item 23 Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)? Multiple Choice Ligand binds to receptor, G protein activated, effector protein activated, second messenger made available Ligand binds to receptor, second messenger activated, G protein turned on, protein kinase activated Protein kinase activated, ion channel opened, ions enter and activate second messenger, G protein turned on Ion channel opened, G protein activated, second messenger synthesized, phosphatase ends signal